#define _In_z_bytecount_c_(size)        _Pre_z_ _Pre_bytecount_c_(size)     _Deref_pre_readonly_
#define _In_opt_z_bytecount_c_(size)    _Pre_opt_z_ _Pre_opt_bytecount_c_(size) _Deref_pre_readonly_

// buffer capacity is described by another pointer
// e.g. void Foo( _In_ptrdiff_count_(pchMax) const char* pch, const char* pchMax ) { while pch < pchMax ) pch++; }
#define _In_ptrdiff_count_(size)      _Pre_ptrdiff_count_(size)     _Deref_pre_readonly_
#define _In_opt_ptrdiff_count_(size)  _Pre_opt_ptrdiff_count_(size) _Deref_pre_readonly_

// 'x' version for complex expressions that are not supported by the current compiler version
// e.g. void Set3ColMatrix( _In_count_x_(3*cRows) const Elem* matrix, int cRows );
#define _In_count_x_(size)            _Pre_count_x_(size)         _Deref_pre_readonly_
#define _In_opt_count_x_(size)        _Pre_opt_count_x_(size)     _Deref_pre_readonly_
#define _In_bytecount_x_(size)        _Pre_bytecount_x_(size)     _Deref_pre_readonly_
#define _In_opt_bytecount_x_(size)    _Pre_opt_bytecount_x_(size) _Deref_pre_readonly_

// 'out' parameters --------------------------

// output pointer parameter
// e.g. void GetPoint( _Out_ POINT* pPT );
#define _Out_                            _Pre_cap_c_(1)            _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_                        _Pre_opt_cap_c_(1)        _Pre_invalid_

// 'out' with buffer size
// e.g. void GetIndeces( _Out_cap_(cIndeces) int* rgIndeces, size_t cIndices );
// buffer capacity is described by another parameter
#define _Out_cap_(size)                  _Pre_cap_(size)           _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_cap_(size)              _Pre_opt_cap_(size)       _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_bytecap_(size)              _Pre_bytecap_(size)       _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_bytecap_(size)          _Pre_opt_bytecap_(size)   _Pre_invalid_

// buffer capacity is described by a constant expression
#define _Out_cap_c_(size)                _Pre_cap_c_(size)         _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_cap_c_(size)            _Pre_opt_cap_c_(size)     _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_bytecap_c_(size)            _Pre_bytecap_c_(size)     _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_bytecap_c_(size)        _Pre_opt_bytecap_c_(size) _Pre_invalid_

// buffer capacity is described by another parameter multiplied by a constant expression
#define _Out_cap_m_(mult,size)           _Pre_cap_m_(mult,size)     _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_cap_m_(mult,size)       _Pre_opt_cap_m_(mult,size) _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_z_cap_m_(mult,size)         _Pre_cap_m_(mult,size)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_cap_m_(mult,size)     _Pre_opt_cap_m_(mult,size) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_

// buffer capacity is described by another pointer
// e.g. void Foo( _Out_ptrdiff_cap_(pchMax) char* pch, const char* pchMax ) { while pch < pchMax ) pch++; }
#define _Out_ptrdiff_cap_(size)          _Pre_ptrdiff_cap_(size)     _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_ptrdiff_cap_(size)      _Pre_opt_ptrdiff_cap_(size) _Pre_invalid_

// buffer capacity is described by a complex expression
#define _Out_cap_x_(size)                _Pre_cap_x_(size)         _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_cap_x_(size)            _Pre_opt_cap_x_(size)     _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_bytecap_x_(size)            _Pre_bytecap_x_(size)     _Pre_invalid_
#define _Out_opt_bytecap_x_(size)        _Pre_opt_bytecap_x_(size) _Pre_invalid_

// a zero terminated string is filled into a buffer of given capacity
// e.g. void CopyStr( _In_z_ const char* szFrom, _Out_z_cap_(cchTo) char* szTo, size_t cchTo );
// buffer capacity is described by another parameter
#define _Out_z_cap_(size)                _Pre_cap_(size)           _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_cap_(size)            _Pre_opt_cap_(size)       _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_z_bytecap_(size)            _Pre_bytecap_(size)       _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_bytecap_(size)        _Pre_opt_bytecap_(size)   _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_

// buffer capacity is described by a constant expression
#define _Out_z_cap_c_(size)              _Pre_cap_c_(size)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_cap_c_(size)          _Pre_opt_cap_c_(size)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_z_bytecap_c_(size)          _Pre_bytecap_c_(size)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_bytecap_c_(size)      _Pre_opt_bytecap_c_(size) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_

// buffer capacity is described by a complex expression
#define _Out_z_cap_x_(size)              _Pre_cap_x_(size)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_cap_x_(size)          _Pre_opt_cap_x_(size)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_z_bytecap_x_(size)          _Pre_bytecap_x_(size)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_
#define _Out_opt_z_bytecap_x_(size)      _Pre_opt_bytecap_x_(size) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_

// a zero terminated string is filled into a buffer of given capacity
// e.g. size_t CopyCharRange( _In_count_(cchFrom) const char* rgchFrom, size_t cchFrom, _Out_cap_post_count_(cchTo,return)) char* rgchTo, size_t cchTo );
#define _Out_cap_post_count_(cap,count)               _Pre_cap_(cap)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_count_(count)
#define _Out_opt_cap_post_count_(cap,count)           _Pre_opt_cap_(cap)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_count_(count)
#define _Out_bytecap_post_bytecount_(cap,count)       _Pre_bytecap_(cap)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_bytecount_(count)
#define _Out_opt_bytecap_post_bytecount_(cap,count)   _Pre_opt_bytecap_(cap) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_bytecount_(count)

// a zero terminated string is filled into a buffer of given capacity
// e.g. size_t CopyStr( _In_z_ const char* szFrom, _Out_z_cap_post_count_(cchTo,return+1) char* szTo, size_t cchTo );
#define _Out_z_cap_post_count_(cap,count)              _Pre_cap_(cap)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_count_(count)
#define _Out_opt_z_cap_post_count_(cap,count)          _Pre_opt_cap_(cap)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_count_(count)
#define _Out_z_bytecap_post_bytecount_(cap,count)      _Pre_bytecap_(cap)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_bytecount_(count)
#define _Out_opt_z_bytecap_post_bytecount_(cap,count)  _Pre_opt_bytecap_(cap) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_bytecount_(count)

// only use with dereferenced arguments e.g. '*pcch'
#define _Out_capcount_(capcount)            _Pre_cap_(capcount)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_count_(capcount)
#define _Out_opt_capcount_(capcount)        _Pre_opt_cap_(capcount)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_count_(capcount)
#define _Out_bytecapcount_(capcount)        _Pre_bytecap_(capcount)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_bytecount_(capcount)
#define _Out_opt_bytecapcount_(capcount)    _Pre_opt_bytecap_(capcount) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_bytecount_(capcount)

#define _Out_capcount_x_(capcount)          _Pre_cap_x_(capcount)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_count_x_(capcount)
#define _Out_opt_capcount_x_(capcount)      _Pre_opt_cap_x_(capcount)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_count_x_(capcount)
#define _Out_bytecapcount_x_(capcount)      _Pre_bytecap_x_(capcount)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_bytecount_x_(capcount)
#define _Out_opt_bytecapcount_x_(capcount)  _Pre_opt_bytecap_x_(capcount) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_bytecount_x_(capcount)

// e.g. GetString( _Out_z_capcount_(*pLen+1) char* sz, size_t* pLen );
#define _Out_z_capcount_(capcount)          _Pre_cap_(capcount)         _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_count_(capcount)
#define _Out_opt_z_capcount_(capcount)      _Pre_opt_cap_(capcount)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_count_(capcount)
#define _Out_z_bytecapcount_(capcount)      _Pre_bytecap_(capcount)     _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_bytecount_(capcount)
#define _Out_opt_z_bytecapcount_(capcount)  _Pre_opt_bytecap_(capcount) _Pre_invalid_ _Post_z_bytecount_(capcount)

// inout parameters ----------------------------

// inout pointer parameter
// e.g. void ModifyPoint( _Inout_ POINT* pPT );
#define _Inout_                          _Prepost_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_                      _Prepost_opt_valid_

// string buffers
// e.g. void toupper( _Inout_z_ char* sz );
#define _Inout_z_                        _Prepost_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_                    _Prepost_opt_z_

// 'inout' buffers with initialized elements before and after the call
// e.g. void ModifyIndices( _Inout_count_(cIndices) int* rgIndeces, size_t cIndices );
#define _Inout_count_(size)              _Prepost_count_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_count_(size)          _Prepost_opt_count_(size)
#define _Inout_bytecount_(size)          _Prepost_bytecount_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_bytecount_(size)      _Prepost_opt_bytecount_(size)

#define _Inout_count_c_(size)            _Prepost_count_c_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_count_c_(size)        _Prepost_opt_count_c_(size)
#define _Inout_bytecount_c_(size)        _Prepost_bytecount_c_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_bytecount_c_(size)    _Prepost_opt_bytecount_c_(size)

// nullterminated 'inout' buffers with initialized elements before and after the call
// e.g. void ModifyIndices( _Inout_count_(cIndices) int* rgIndeces, size_t cIndices );
#define _Inout_z_count_(size)              _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_count_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_z_count_(size)          _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_opt_count_(size)
#define _Inout_z_bytecount_(size)          _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_bytecount_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_z_bytecount_(size)      _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_opt_bytecount_(size)

#define _Inout_z_count_c_(size)            _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_count_c_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_z_count_c_(size)        _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_opt_count_c_(size)
#define _Inout_z_bytecount_c_(size)        _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_bytecount_c_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_z_bytecount_c_(size)    _Prepost_z_ _Prepost_opt_bytecount_c_(size)

#define _Inout_ptrdiff_count_(size)      _Pre_ptrdiff_count_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_ptrdiff_count_(size)  _Pre_opt_ptrdiff_count_(size)

#define _Inout_count_x_(size)            _Prepost_count_x_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_count_x_(size)        _Prepost_opt_count_x_(size)
#define _Inout_bytecount_x_(size)        _Prepost_bytecount_x_(size)
#define _Inout_opt_bytecount_x_(size)    _Prepost_opt_bytecount_x_(size)

// e.g. void AppendToLPSTR( _In_ LPCSTR szFrom, _Inout_cap_(cchTo) LPSTR* szTo, size_t cchTo );
#define _Inout_cap_(size)                _Pre_valid_cap_(size)           _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_cap_(size)            _Pre_opt_valid_cap_(size)       _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_bytecap_(size)            _Pre_valid_bytecap_(size)       _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_bytecap_(size)        _Pre_opt_valid_bytecap_(size)   _Post_valid_

#define _Inout_cap_c_(size)              _Pre_valid_cap_c_(size)         _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_cap_c_(size)          _Pre_opt_valid_cap_c_(size)     _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_bytecap_c_(size)          _Pre_valid_bytecap_c_(size)     _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_bytecap_c_(size)      _Pre_opt_valid_bytecap_c_(size) _Post_valid_

#define _Inout_cap_x_(size)              _Pre_valid_cap_x_(size)         _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_cap_x_(size)          _Pre_opt_valid_cap_x_(size)     _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_bytecap_x_(size)          _Pre_valid_bytecap_x_(size)     _Post_valid_
#define _Inout_opt_bytecap_x_(size)      _Pre_opt_valid_bytecap_x_(size) _Post_valid_

// inout string buffers with writable size
// e.g. void AppendStr( _In_z_ const char* szFrom, _Inout_z_cap_(cchTo) char* szTo, size_t cchTo );
#define _Inout_z_cap_(size)                 _Pre_z_cap_(size)            _Post_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_cap_(size)             _Pre_opt_z_cap_(size)        _Post_z_
#define _Inout_z_bytecap_(size)             _Pre_z_bytecap_(size)        _Post_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_bytecap_(size)         _Pre_opt_z_bytecap_(size)    _Post_z_

#define _Inout_z_cap_c_(size)               _Pre_z_cap_c_(size)          _Post_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_cap_c_(size)           _Pre_opt_z_cap_c_(size)      _Post_z_
#define _Inout_z_bytecap_c_(size)           _Pre_z_bytecap_c_(size)      _Post_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_bytecap_c_(size)       _Pre_opt_z_bytecap_c_(size)  _Post_z_

#define _Inout_z_cap_x_(size)               _Pre_z_cap_x_(size)          _Post_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_cap_x_(size)           _Pre_opt_z_cap_x_(size)      _Post_z_
#define _Inout_z_bytecap_x_(size)           _Pre_z_bytecap_x_(size)      _Post_z_
#define _Inout_opt_z_bytecap_x_(size)       _Pre_opt_z_bytecap_x_(size)  _Post_z_

// return values -------------------------------

// returning pointers to valid objects
#define _Ret_                  _Ret_valid_
#define _Ret_opt_              _Ret_opt_valid_

// More _Ret_ annotations are defined below

// Pointer to pointers -------------------------

// e.g.  HRESULT HrCreatePoint( _Deref_out_opt_ POINT** ppPT );
#define _Deref_out_            _Out_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_valid_
#define _Deref_out_opt_        _Out_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_opt_valid_
#define _Deref_opt_out_        _Out_opt_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_valid_
#define _Deref_opt_out_opt_    _Out_opt_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_opt_valid_

// e.g.  void CloneString( _In_z_ const wchar_t* wzFrom, _Deref_out_z_ wchar_t** pWzTo );
#define _Deref_out_z_          _Out_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_z_
#define _Deref_out_opt_z_      _Out_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_opt_z_
#define _Deref_opt_out_z_      _Out_opt_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_z_
#define _Deref_opt_out_opt_z_  _Out_opt_ _Deref_pre_invalid_ _Deref_post_opt_z_

// More _Deref_ annotations are defined below