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<P><B>Crosstalk—</B>Signals that interfere with another signal.
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<P><B>CSNET (Computer Science Network)—</B>An electronic mail network that merged with BITNET to form CREN.
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<P><B>Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)—</B>A mathematical function performed on the contents of an entity that is then included to enable a receiving system to recalculate the value and compare to the original. If the values are different, corruption of the contents has occurred.
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<P><B>Daemon—</B>A UNIX process that operates continuously and unattended to perform a service. TCP/IP uses several daemons to establish communications processes and provide server facilities.
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<P><B>DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency)—</B>The governmental body that created the DARPANET for widespread communications. DARPANET eventually became the Internet.
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<P><B>Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (D</B><B> </B><B>CE)—</B>Required equipment to attach Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) to a network or serial line. A modem is a DCE device. Also called Data Communications Equipment and Data Circuit Equipment.
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<P><B>Data Encryption Standard (DES)—</B>An encryption standard officially sanctioned in the U.S.
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<P><B>Data Link—</B>The part of a node controlled by a data link protocol. It is the logical connection between two nodes.
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<P><B>Data Link Protocol (DLP)—</B>A method of handling the establishment, maintenance, and termination of a logical link between nodes. Ethernet is one example of a Data Link Protocol.
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<P><B>Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)—</B>The source or destination of data, usually attached to a network by DCE devices. A terminal or computer acting as a node on a network is usually a DTE device.
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<P><B>Datagram—</B>A basic unit of data used with TCP/IP.
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<P><B>Defense Communications Agency (DCA)—</B>The governmental agency responsible for the Defense Data Network (DDN).
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<P><B>Defense Data Network (DDN)—</B>Refers to military networks such as MILNET and ARPANET and the communications protocols (including TCP/IP) that they employ.
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<P><B>Destination Address—</B>The destination device's address.
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<P><B>Directory System Agent (DSA)—</B>A program that accepts queries from a directory user agent (DUA).
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<P><B>Directory User Agent (DUA)—</B>A program that helps a user to send a query to a directory server.
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<P><B>Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)—</B>A set of technologies developed by the Open Software Foundation (0SF) supporting distributed computing.
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<P><B>Distributed File Service (DFS)—</B>An Open Software Foundation (OSF) fileserver technology sometimes used with TCP/IP.
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<P><B>Distributed Management Environment (DME)—</B>A system and network management technology developed by the Open Software Foundation (OSF).
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<P><B>Distributed Processing—</B>When a process is spread over two or more devices, it is distributed. It is usually used to spread CPU loads among a network of machines.
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<P><B>Domain Name System (DNS)—</B>A service that converts symbolic node names to IP addresses. DNS is frequently used with TCP/IP. DNS uses a distributed database.
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<P><B>Dotted Decimal Notation—</B>A representation of IP addresses. Also called "dotted quad notation" because it uses four sets of numbers separated by decimals (for example, 255.255.255.255).
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<P><B>Double Byte Character Set—</B>A character set where alphanumeric characters are represented by two bytes, instead of one byte as with ASCII. Double byte characters are often necessary for Asian languages, which have more than 255 symbols.
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<P><B>Drop Cable—</B>In Ethernet networks it refers to the cable connecting the device to the network, sometimes through a transceiver.
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<P><B>Dumb Terminal—</B>A terminal with no significant processing capability of its own, usually with no graphics capabilities beyond the ASCII set.
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<P><B>Emulation—</B>A program that simulates another device. For example, a 3270 emulator emulates an IBM 3270 terminal, sending the same codes as the real device would.
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<P><B>Encapsulation—</B>Including an incoming message into a larger message by adding information at the front, back, or both. Encapsulation is used by layered network protocols. With each layer, new headers and trailers are added.
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<P><B>Enterprise Network—</B>A generic term usually referring to a Wide Area Network providing services to all of a corporation's sites.
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<P><B>Ethernet—</B>A data link level protocol comprising the OSI model's bottom two layers. It is a broadcast networking technology that can use several different physical media, including twisted pair cable and coaxial cable. Ethernet usually uses CSMA/CD. TCP/IP is commonly used with Ethernet networks.
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<P><B>Ethernet Address—</B>A 48-bit address commonly referred to as a physical or hard address that uniquely identifies the Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) and hence the device the card resides in.
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<P><B>Ethernet Meltdown—</B>A slang term for a situation where an Ethernet network becomes saturated. The condition usually persists for only a short time and is usually caused by a misrouted or invalid packet.
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<P><B>Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)—</B>An alternative to ASCII used extensively in IBM machinery. Some other vendors use it for mainframes. EBCDIC and ASCII are not compatible but are easy to convert between.
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<P><B>Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)—</B>A protocol used by gateways to transfer information about devices that can be reached within their autonomous systems.
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<P><B>Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)—</B>An ANSI-defined standard for high speed data transfer over fiber optic cabling.
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<P><B>File Server—</B>A process that provides access to a file from remote devices. Also used to refer to the physical server itself, although the term <I>server</I> also implies other services than file provision in most client/server networks.
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<P><B>File Transfer Access Method (FTAM)—</B>A file transfer program and protocol developed by OSI. It includes some basic management functions.
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<P><B>File Transfer Protocol (FTP)—</B>A TCP/IP application used for transferring files from one system to another.
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<P><B>Fragmentation—</B>The breaking of a datagram into several smaller pieces, usually because the original datagram was too large for the network or software.
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<P><B>Frame—</B>Usually refers to the completed Ethernet packet, which includes the original data and all the TCP/IP layers' headers and trailers (including the Ethernet's).
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<P><B>Frame Check Sequence (FCS)—</B>A mathematical function used to verify the integrity of bits in a frame, similar to the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
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<P><B>Frame Relay—</B>A network switching mechanism for routing frames as quickly as possible.
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<P><B>Gateway—</B>In Internet terms, a gateway is a device that routes datagrams. More recently used to refer to any networking device that translates protocols of one type network into those of another network.
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<P><B>Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol (GGP)—</B>A protocol used to exchange routing information between core routers.
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<P><B>Gigabyte—</B>One billion bytes, corresponding to decimal 1,073,741,824 (a kilobyte is 1,024 decimal).
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<P><B>Government Open System Interconnection Profile (GOSIP)—</B>A government standard that uses the OSI reference model.
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<P><B>Hardware Address—</B>The low-level address associated with each device on a network, usually corresponding to the unique identifier of the network interface card (NIC). Ethernet addresses are 48 bits.
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<P><B>High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)—</B>An international data communication standard.
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<P><B>Hop Count—</B>The number of bridges that data crosses in a Token Ring network.
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<P><B>IEEE 802.2—</B>An IEEE-approved data link standard used with the 802.3, 802.4, and 802.5 protocol standards.
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<P><B>IEEE 802.3—</B>An IEEE-approved physical layer standard that uses CSMA/CD on a bus network topology.
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<P><B>IEEE 802.4—</B>An IEEE-approved physical layer standard that uses token passing on a bus network topology.
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<P><B>IEEE 802.5—</B>An IEEE-approved physical layer standard that uses token passing on a ring network topology.
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<P><B>Initial Sequence Number (ISN)—</B>A number defined during the startup of a connection using TCP. Used to number datagrams.
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<P><B>Initiate—</B>In TCP/IP, to send a request for something (usually a connection).
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<P><B>Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)—</B>A professional organization for engineers that also proposes and approves standards.
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<P><B>Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)—</B>A set of standards for integrating multiple services (voice, data, video, and so on).
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<P><B>Interface—</B>A shared point between two software applications or two hardware devices.
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<P><B>Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)—</B>A protocol used by gateways in an autonomous system to transfer routing information.
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<P><B>International Organization for Standardization (ISO)—</B>An international body composed of individual countries' standards groups that focuses on international standards.
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<P><B>Internet—</B>A collection of networks connected together that span the world that uses the NFSNET as its backbone. The Internet is the specific term for a more general internetwork or collection of networks.
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<P><B>Internet Activities Board (IAB)—</B>The Internet group that coordinates the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
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<P><B>Internet Address—</B>A 32-bit address used to identify hosts and networks on the Internet.
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<P><B>Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)—</B>A control and error message protocol that works in conjunction with the Internet Protocol (IP).
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<P><B>Internet Engineering Notes (IEN)—</B>Documents that discuss TCP/IP, available through the Network Information Center (NIC).
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