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<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<P>
<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E428" >Introduction to the Web</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E429" >Introduction to Mosaic</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E430" >Where To Get Mosaic for Linux</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E431" >Hypertext Document and HTML Basics</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E544" >Hyperlinks</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E545" >Inline Images</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E546" >Where To Get More Help on HTML</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E432" >Netscape</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E547" >Where To Get Netscape</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E433" >SLIP Connections</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E548" >dip</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E549" >slattach</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E434" >Using Mosaic</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E550" >Document Title, URL, and Globe</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E551" >Viewing Area</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E552" >Bottom Control Panel</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E553" >The Cursor and Displaying Hyperlink URLs</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E554" >Shortcuts and Keyboard Options</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E435" >Writing a Hypertext Document</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E555" >URLs</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E436" >Using Other Browsers</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E437" >Summary</A></UL></UL></UL>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<A NAME="E66E56"></A>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>56</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>
<BR>
<A NAME="E67E56"></A>
<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using Mosaic and Netscape</B></FONT></CENTER></H2>
<BR>
<P>This chapter is a brief introduction to the World Wide Web and Mosaic and Netscape. We will cover the following topics in this chapter:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>A brief introduction to the Web.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to get Mosaic for Linux.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to set up Mosaic on your Linux machine.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to get and set up Netscape for your Linux machine.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to configure a SLIP connection for dialup and dedicated lines using Linux.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Getting started with an HTML document. You will learn the basics of writing your own Web documents.
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E428"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Introduction to the Web</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>The World Wide Web (WWW) is a fairly new invention. In 1989, researchers at CERN (a European Lab for Particle Physics) wanted to share information between nodes on their network. The researchers automated the process of locating files on remote machines
and then copying the required information to their local machines. This retrieval process had to be done with a standard interface, regardless of the type of data or the means of getting this data. This meant that the interface had to include almost all
the data retrieval tools such as FTP, Gopher, and so on, and be able to handle graphical, text, and binary files with a consistent interface.
<BR>
<P>The resulting network was such a success that the method caught on with users worldwide and gave us the World Wide Web. The letters WWW are now synonymous with the word Internet. The number of sites offering Web services is growing every day.
<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<BR>
<NOTE>Although the Red Hat distribution that accompanies this book includes a copy of the Arena Web browser, Arena lacks much of the functionality provided by browsers such as Mosaic and Netscape. This chapter is included to show you how to download and
install these more powerful browsers so that you can take advantage of the capabilities they offer.</NOTE>
<BR>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E429"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Introduction to Mosaic</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>To access the services on the Web, you need a browser. A browser is an application that knows how to interpret and display documents it finds on the Web. Documents on the Web are encoded in the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). Hypertext documents
contain special codes that tell the browser how to locate information on the Web. How the browser interprets the codes is left as a local issue. Some browsers such as Lynx ignore any requests for inline images; some older Mosaic browsers ignore the
interactive Forms that a user can fill in while online.
<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<BR>
<NOTE>The hypertext Home Page about NCSA has the following information:
<BR>"Established in 1985 with a National Science Foundation grant, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) opened to the national research community in January 1986. NCSA is a high-performance computing and communications facility
designed to serve U.S. computational science and engineering communities. Located on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), NCSA is funded by the National Science Foundation, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, other
federal agencies, the state of Illinois, the University of Illinois, and industrial partners."
<BR>Enough said.</NOTE>
<BR>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Mosaic includes the following features:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>The capability to display plain text, HTML documents, and audio
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The capability to display inline graphics and images
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>A customizable graphical user interface
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The capability to track previous sites with lists in a History and Hotlist
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The capability to find items via search commands within a document and over the Internet
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Extendability via third-party viewers for a type of graphical data format
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E430"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Where To Get Mosaic for Linux</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>The latest version is available from the Internet at the following FTP sites:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#72" tppabs="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/">sunsite.unc.edu</A> in the directory /pub/Linux/system/Network/info-systems/Mosaic.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>There are several files in here with version numbers 2.0 and higher. The 2.5 version was the most recent stable one on my system at the time I wrote this chapter. Your mileage may vary. I used the file Mosaic-2.5.bin.tar.gz as my starting point. FTP to
this site and get the latest version for yourself.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI><A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#71" tppabs="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/">tsx-11.mit.edu</A> is a mirror site for sunsite. Use this site if sunsite appears to be very busy.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Another excellent site for Web documents is the FTP site <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs2.htm#215" tppabs="ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/">ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu</A>. Look under the /Web directory tree for a whole forest of documents on the Web, source code, and versions of Mosaic.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>If you have access to the Web already through another source, you should look at <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs2.htm#216" tppabs="http://www.w3.org/">http://www.w3.org</A> for information about the Web, latest source code, and other Web-related documents.
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<P>After you get the files from these sources, you have to unzip the files via GNU's gunzip program. The gunzip program removes the .gz extension after it unzips a file.
<BR>
<P>The commands to do this are shown next. Substitute the name of the Mosaic version you get for the word myfile here.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">$ ls myfile*
myfile.tar.gz
$ gunzip file.tar.gz
$ ls myfile*
myfile.tar
$ tar -xf myfile.tar
...</FONT></PRE>
<P>After the dust settles from the tar extraction command (the -x option is for extract), you have the file Mosaic in your directory. Along with these files, you also have some app-defaults files that you can use to customize your copy of Mosaic. As with
other X applications, almost all of Mosaic's features can be customized using the Xdefaults file with the Mosaic resource. For example, to set the home page use this line:
<BR>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">Mosaic*HomePage : "http://www.another.nicer.site.com/myfile"</FONT></PRE>
<P>Alternatively, you can set the WWW_HOME environment variable to the path shown above. Using the environment variable is more consistent with other UNIX platforms.
<BR>
<P>The distributions from NCSA include the app-defaults files for each version of Mosaic. After you have installed Mosaic on your machine, edit these files to customize your own files. Read the app-defaults files for all the resources that are available to
you for your version of Mosaic.
<BR>
<P>Now, you can fire up Mosaic from within an xterm with the command Mosaic. (It's probably best to have Mosaic run in the background so as not to tie up your xterm.) When Mosaic is up, it attempts to load its default hypertext document called the Home
Page. Basically, the Home Page is the first document you start off with and the one document that you know that you can always load if you get lost while browsing the Web.
<BR>
<P>Before you go browsing the Web, let's first talk about hypertext documents. Once you know how hypertext documents work, you'll find it easier to browse the Web. Be patient; the next section is worth your time to read.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E431"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Hypertext Document and HTML Basics</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>Hypertext documents contain links to other documents on the Web. Links are often called hyper-links. They enable you to access other documents and services on the Internet. You surf the Net by accessing other documents through these links. It's fairly
easy to create these hypertext documents with links, so you can create your own documents with sites that you regularly visit and find interesting.
<BR>
<P>To create a hypertext document for display on a Web server, you have to learn the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), which is a collection of styles that define the various components of a document. HTML is based on SGML (Standardized General Markup
Language), a superset standard of marking documents.
<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<BR>
<NOTE>So why write your own Web page?
<BR>There are many reasons that you would want to create your own HTML documents. The first reason is for exposure. Your own document on the Internet can have information about you or topics that you find interesting. You can have a page about your
business, because a Web address on a business card does look cool. Just remember not to spam your page's address on the Internet; it's not polite. (Spamming is the slang word for posting multiple copies of a message to many unrelated newsgroups.)
<BR>Second, a Web page can be a repository of your favorite sites on the Internet. While cruising the Net, if you come across a decent page or two, you can simply edit your own Web page to add this site. Then, it's simply a matter of bringing up your
favorite page to get back to the old sites again.
<BR>Last, you may decide to dump Mosaic and go with a newer, better browser that doesn't read the hotlists you created from Mosaic. For example, you have to jump through hoops to get your Windows browsers' hotlists into UNIX Mosaic, or vice versa. When all
your data is in a Web document, all you have to do is load the document in there, and you are done—no formats, hoops, and magic potions.</NOTE>
<BR>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Mosaic can display ASCII text files. Therefore, you really don't need to know HTML to write up an HTML document. Any old file will do. However, if you want to have a document formatted when accessed by a viewer such as Mosaic, you must code it with
HTML. HTML documents are also called source files. Source files are in plain text format and can be created using any text editor.
<BR>
<P>Let's get into a bit more detail about HTML formatting codes, called tags. HTML tags consist of a left angle bracket (<), followed by some coding (called the directive), and closed by a right angle bracket (>). HTML tags are generally paired, as
with <H1> and </H1>. The ending tag looks just like the starting tag except a slash (/) precedes the directive within the brackets. For example, <H1> tells the viewer to start formatting a top-level heading, and </H1> tells the
viewer that the heading is complete.
<BR>
<P>HTML tags are inserted in the source files to tell Mosaic (or some other Web viewer) how to interpret or display the coded information. For example, citation tags are defined by Mosaic to be displayed in italics. Each time you enclose a book title
between <cite> and </cite> tags, Mosaic automatically displays the text in italics. This is known as a logical style, because it is configured by the viewer. Viewers can interpret a logical style in different ways.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E69E544"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Hyperlinks</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<P>The chief power of HTML comes from its capability to link regions of text (and also images) to another document (or an image, movie, or audio file). These regions are highlighted to indicate that they are hypertext links. To create a hyperlink, a
special HTML code is entered that includes the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A URL is the way of telling your Web browser where and how to get the information. You can jump directly to URLs to see whether they are valid by using the URL command from the
File menu. Enter the URL in the dialog box, and Mosaic attempts to get it for you. (See Figure 56.1.)
<BR>
<P><B> <A HREF="56rhl01.gif" tppabs="http://202.113.16.101/%7eeb%7e/Red%20Hat%20Linux%20Unleashed/56rhl01.gif">Figure 56.1. Jumping hyperlinks via URLs.</A></B>
<BR>
<P>At the same time, text or a graphic is designated to serve as the anchor (the information that is displayed in color or underlined and clicked on). A hyperlink may be made to a remote or local server, depending on how the URL is encoded.
<BR>
<P>You can keep a history of information space navigation, which tracks where you've been. You now have quick access to frequently used documents via a personal list. (See Figure 56.2.) History lists are valid for a current session only. Hotlists are those
lists that you want to keep for all future sessions. (See Figure 56.3.) You should enter those places here that you may like to visit in a future session.
<BR>
<P><B> <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs2.htm#218" tppabs="http://www.mcp.com/815097600/0-672/0-672-30962-9/56rhl02.gif">Figure 56.2. The Mosaic History dialog box.</A></B>
<BR>
<P><B> <A HREF="56rhl03.gif" tppabs="http://202.113.16.101/%7eeb%7e/Red%20Hat%20Linux%20Unleashed/56rhl03.gif">Figure 56.3. The Mosaic Hotlist dialog box.</A></B>
<BR>
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