?? rhl14.htm
字號(hào):
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Limits messages by specified criteria.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Ctrl-L
</FONT>
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Redraws screen.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
m
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Mails a message.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
[lb]
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Next message, displaying current, then increment.</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
p
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Prints current message or tagged messages.</FONT>
<TR>
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q
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Quits, maybe prompting for deleting, storing, and keeping messages.</FONT>
</TABLE><P>Let's try to send mail using elm.
<BR>
<P>To send mail, press m on the main screen. The header screen appears. elm prompts you to enter the name(s) of the recipient(s) of the mail. Enter calvin and root as recipients. Calvin is the primary recipient, and a copy of this message is sent to root
as well.
<BR>
<P>elm then prompts for a subject. After entering the subject heading, elm puts you in the vi editor to enter the body of the mail message. After you are finished typing, use the vi command :wq to save and quit the vi editor. You can now send the message
by pressing s.
<BR>
<P>You can also forward mail to others on the system with the f command or reply to a message with the r command.
<BR>
<P>To quit elm, type q at the main screen.
<BR>
<P>If elm is available on your system, try to use it. elm is very convenient and simple and can greatly improve your electronic mail interaction.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E70E2"></A>
<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using Pine</B></FONT></CENTER></H5>
<BR>
<P>Pine, a trademark of the University of Washington, stands for Program for Internet News and E-mail. Pine offers the capability to send local and remote messages using a simple user interface as well as the capability to send documents and graphics.
<BR>
<P>You invoke Pine by entering pine on the command line. The screen shown here should appear.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">$ pine
PINE 3.91 MAIN MENU Folder: INBOX 1 Message
? HELP - Get help using Pine
C COMPOSE MESSAGE - Compose and send a message
I FOLDER INDEX - View messages in current folder
L FOLDER LIST - Select a folder to view
A ADDRESS BOOK - Update address book
S SETUP - Configure or update Pine
Q QUIT - Exit the Pine program
Copyright 1989-1994. PINE is a trademark of the University of Washington.
[Folder "INBOX" opened with 1 message]
? Help P PrevCmd R RelNotes
O OTHER CMDS L [ListFldrs] N NextCmd K KBLock</FONT></PRE>
<P>Pine is very easy to use, because it provides a full-screen interface with the up and down cursor controls. Simply select the item you want by using the arrow keys and press Enter at the selected line.
<BR>
<P>Let's send a message using Pine. Take the cursor to the Compose Message line and press Enter. The screen shown here appears.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">PINE 3.91 COMPOSE MESSAGE Folder: INBOX 1 Message
To : "Laurel N. Hardy" <laurel@hobbes.com>
Cc :
Attchmnt:
Subject : using pine
—— Message Text ——
Hi, I can do everything on one screen
.
Send message? [y] :
^G Get Help ^X Send ^R Rich Hdr ^Y PrvPg/Top ^K Cut Line ^O Postpone
^C Cancel ^D Del Char ^J Attach ^V NxtPg/End ^U UnDel Line ^T To AddrBk</FONT></PRE>
<P>Pine takes you line-by-line through the mail header and the mail message. Press Ctrl-X to end the message as well as send it to the recipient. Just walk through all the options to get a feel for this mail system.
<BR>
<P>The last two lines on the screen tell you what commands are available for the current situation. Usually there are more commands than can be shown on two lines, so use the O key to see what other commands are available. The O is optional; you don't have
to be able to see a command before you use it.
<BR>
<P>Pine creates a default configuration file, .pinerc, in your home directory. You can edit this file to select various options. Pine also creates a mail subdirectory for your saved-message folders. Type ? from the Main Menu for more help.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E70E3"></A>
<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using </B><B>mailx</B><B> (Berkeley Mail)</B></FONT></CENTER></H5>
<BR>
<P>This section is about mailx, another common mail program for Linux. This section covers the basics of mailx. mailx has many options and features, most of which are listed in its man pages. Discussing all these features would require a book in itself.
<BR>
<P>Let's see how to receive and send mail using mailx.
<BR>
<BR>
<H6 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Receiving Mail</B></FONT></CENTER></H6>
<BR>
<P>Suppose someone has sent you a mail message. How would you know about it? The Mail system deals with this by displaying a message when you log in. A sample login session is shown in the following screen.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">Welcome to Linux 1.2.13.
mpsi login: laurel
Last login: Fri Jan 6 13:28:06 on tty1
Linux 1.2.13.
You have new mail.</FONT></PRE>
<P>To read the mail message, invoke the Mail handler by typing mail at the prompt. You will see the output shown in the following screen.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">mpsi:~$ mail
Mail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/calvin": 1 message 1 new
>N 1 laurel@hobbes.com Fri Jan 6 13:38 12/374 "just checking"
& 1
Message 1:
From laurel@hobbes.com Fri Jan 6 13:38:06 1995
Date: Fri, 6 Jan 1995 13:38:06 -0600
From: "Laurel N. Hardy" <laurel@hobbes.com>
To: calvin@hobbes.com
Subject: just checking
the body of the message
bye
& exit
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/calvin</FONT></PRE>
<P>In this example, the user Calvin has received a mail message from another user, Laurel. This message is the first message in the message queue and is declared as new, which means it has not been read yet. The message queue has an >N, indicating that
it is a new message, followed by a message number (1), the sender's login ID (laurel@hobbes.com), the day of the week, the date and time the message was sent, and the subject of the message.
<BR>
<P>The ampersand (&) is the mail system prompt. You can now read the message by typing the message number at this prompt.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">& 1
Message 1:
From laurel@hobbes.com Fri Jan 6 13:38:06 1995
Date: Fri, 6 Jan 1995 13:38:06 -0600
From: "Laurel N. Hardy" <laurel@hobbes.com>
To: calvin@hobbes.com
Subject: just checking
the body of the message
bye
&</FONT></PRE>
<BR>
<H6 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Mail</B><B> Options</B></FONT></CENTER></H6>
<BR>
<P>All the available options in the Mail system can be listed by typing a ? after the &. The listed options are shown in Listing 14.1.
<BR>
<P>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><B>Listing 14.1. </B><B>Mail</B><B> options.</B></FONT>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">& ?
Mail Commands
t <message list> type messages
n goto and type next message
e <message list> edit messages
f <message list> give head lines of messages
d <message list> delete messages
s <message list> file append messages to file
u <message list> undelete messages
R <message list> reply to message senders
r <message list> reply to message senders and all recipients
pre <message list> make messages go back to /usr/spool/mail
m <user list> mail to specific users
q quit, saving unresolved messages in mbox
x quit, do not remove system mailbox
h print out active message headers
! shell escape
cd [directory] chdir to directory or home if none given
A <message list> consists of integers, ranges of same, or user names separated
by spaces. If omitted, Mail uses the last message typed.
A <user list> consists of user names or aliases separated by spaces.
Aliases are defined in .mailrc in your home directory.
&</FONT></PRE>
<BR>
<H6 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Replying to a Message</B></FONT></CENTER></H6>
<BR>
<P>Suppose you have three mail messages from different users and you want to reply to the one sent by Jeremy. Just invoke mail as before, as shown in Listing 14.2.
<BR>
<P>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><B>Listing 14.2. Three received messages.</B></FONT>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">mpsi:~$ mail
Mail version 5.5-kw 5/30/95. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/laurel": 3 messages 3 unread
>U 1 calvin@hobbes.com Fri Jan 6 13:27 12/429 "Format for a mail hea"
U 2 jeremy@hobbes.com Sat Jan 7 15:25 72/23291 " Please reply soon"
U 3 calvin@hobbes.com Wed Jan 11 12:29 12/373 "message # 3"</FONT></PRE>
<P>The U in front of the second message specifies that the message is still unread. You can read the message by typing the message number.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">& 2
Message 2:
From jeremy@hobbes.com Sat Jan 7 15:25:00 1995
Date: Sat, 7 Jan 1995 15:25:00 -0600
From: "friend22" <jeremy@hobbes.com>
To: laurel@hobbes.com
Subject: Please reply soon
What's up?</FONT></PRE>
<P>You can reply to the message by typing r.
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080">& r
To: jeremy@hobbes.com
Subject: Re: Please reply soon
Replying to your mail message # 2
I am too busy to reply to you now. Go away.
.
EOT</FONT></PRE>
<P>The Mail daemon automatically sets up the header in the reply mode, so all you have to do is type the text.
<BR>
<BR>
<H6 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Sending and Forwarding Mail</B></FONT></CENTER></H6>
<BR>
<P>Sending and forwarding mail can be done with the s and f commands, respectively. The procedures for creating the header and text of the message are similar to that of replying to a message.
<BR>
<P>The ~/signature file is appended to every mail message you send. You should place text in here that you want to send with every message. Some examples are your phone number or an alternative e-mail address (your recipient might not be able to reply to
certain hosts). Mail etiquette requires that you keep you signature files short—four lines or less. Most recipients do not like to see pages of information about you in every mail message.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E103"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using </B><B>news</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>Using news is perhaps the best way of getting into what is probably the world's best online forum: the Usenet news service. There are literally thousands of giant bulletin boards for you to select topics from and post messages to. The number of subjects
available can be quite overwhelming at times, since there are more than 13,000 newsgroup topics to choose from. (A newsgroup is one of the bulletin boards.) Newsgroups offer the best example of free speech and a forum for discussing just about any topic
imaginable.
<BR>
<P>Topics range from the serious to the absurd. In the serious category you can talk about computer communications (comp.dcom.telecom), astronomy (sci.astro), and so forth. In the absurd corner you have alt.tasteless, alt.barney.dinosaur.die.die.die, and
alt.fan.oj-simpson.drive.faster.
<BR>
<P>Usenet was started at Duke University in 1979 by two students, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis, as an experiment to connect two computers between Duke and the University of North Carolina. From these two news sites in 1980, the number of news sites has grown
to hundreds of thousands of sites in the 1990s, with millions of subscribers worldwide.
<BR>
<P>There are several news readers for Linux. I will cover two: nn and tin.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E69E206"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>nn</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<P>The nn news reader stands for Net News. When you use nn, you decide which of the many news groups you are interested in. You unsubscribe those that do not interest you any more. nn lets you read all articles in each of the groups you subscribe to, using
a menu-based article selection prior to reading the articles in the newsgroup.
<BR>
<P>When you enter a newsgroup in nn, you are presented with a screen that lists the most recent unread articles. Each item on this list contains at least the sender and subject. You are now in selection mode. You can select using the A through Z and 0
through 9 keys. When you select an article, it is displayed in a highlight color. If you press the spacebar, you go into read mode.
<BR>
<P>In read mode, nn presents you with each article. Press the spacebar to get to the next page of each article. If you are at the end of an article, the spacebar takes you to the next article.
<BR>
<P>When you have read all the selected articles in the current group, pressing the spacebar takes you to the next group.
<BR>
<P>Here are some of the other commands in nn:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>? or help gives a one-page overview of the commands available in the current mode. This is perhaps the most used command for beginners. The best way to learn about nn is by using this command.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Ctrl-L or Ctrl-R redraws the screen.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Ctrl-P shows the previous message.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>! is the shell escape command. You are prompted for a command if you do not type one after the !.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Q quits nn.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>V prints release and version information (for debug).
<BR>
<BR>
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