llers.&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;一種介于處理器和外界之間的硬件設備。一般的實例是開關、LED、串口和網絡控制&nbsp;<br />器。&nbsp;<br />I/O&nbsp;map（I/O映射）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;table&nbsp;or&nbsp;diagram&nbsp;containing&nbsp;the&nbsp;name&nbsp;and&nbsp;address&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;each&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />addressable&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;space.&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;maps&nbsp;are&nbsp;a&nbsp;helpful&nbsp;ai&nbsp;<br />d&nbsp;in&nbsp;getting&nbsp;to&nbsp;know&nbsp;the&nbsp;target.&nbsp;<br />一張包含每個外設的名字和地址的表格或圖表，可由處理器在I/O空間中設定地址。I/O&nbsp;<br />映射對得知目標機情況非常有利。&nbsp;<br />I/O&nbsp;space（I/O空間）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;special&nbsp;memory&nbsp;region&nbsp;provided&nbsp;by&nbsp;some&nbsp;processors&nbsp;and&nbsp;generally&nbsp;reserved&nbsp;f&nbsp;<br />or&nbsp;the&nbsp;attachment&nbsp;of&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;devices.&nbsp;Memory&nbsp;locations&nbsp;and&nbsp;registers&nbsp;within&nbsp;an&nbsp;I&nbsp;<br />/O&nbsp;space&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;accessed&nbsp;only&nbsp;via&nbsp;special&nbsp;instructions.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;process&nbsp;<br />ors&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;80x86&nbsp;family&nbsp;have&nbsp;special&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;space&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;called&nbsp;in&nbsp;and&nbsp;ou&nbsp;<br />t.&nbsp;Contrast&nbsp;with&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space.&nbsp;<br />一個由處理器提供的特殊內存區域，一般為為I/O設備的附件保留。在I/O空間的內存位&nbsp;<br />置和寄存器只能通過特殊的指定進行訪問。例如：80X86家族的處理器有叫做in&nbsp;/&nbsp;out的&nbsp;<br />特殊的I/O空間指令。相對內存空間而言。&nbsp;<br />ISR（中斷服務程序）&nbsp;<br />See&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />instruction&nbsp;pointer（指令指針）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;register&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;that&nbsp;contains&nbsp;the&nbsp;address&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;next&nbsp;instructio&nbsp;<br />n&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;executed.&nbsp;Also&nbsp;known&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;program&nbsp;counter.&nbsp;<br />包含下一條要執行指令地址的處理器中的寄存器。也叫程序計數器。&nbsp;<br />Interrupt（中斷）&nbsp;<br />An&nbsp;asynchronous&nbsp;electrical&nbsp;signal&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor.&nbsp;When&nbsp;t&nbsp;<br />he&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;asserts&nbsp;this&nbsp;signal,&nbsp;we&nbsp;say&nbsp;that&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;occurs.&nbsp;When&nbsp;an&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />interrupt&nbsp;occurs,&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;state&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;is&nbsp;saved&nbsp;and&nbsp;an&nbsp;interru&nbsp;<br />pt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine&nbsp;is&nbsp;executed.&nbsp;When&nbsp;the&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine&nbsp;exits,&nbsp;co&nbsp;<br />ntrol&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;is&nbsp;returned&nbsp;to&nbsp;whatever&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;was&nbsp;prev&nbsp;<br />iously&nbsp;running.&nbsp;<br />一個從外設到處理器的異步電信號。當外設發出這個信號，我們說一個中斷發生。當一&nbsp;<br />個中斷發生，當前的處理器狀態被保存并且中斷服務程序開始運行。當中斷服務程序退&nbsp;<br />出，對處理器的控制權轉到先前運行的那個軟件上。&nbsp;<br />interrupt&nbsp;latency（中斷延遲）&nbsp;<br />The&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;time&nbsp;between&nbsp;the&nbsp;assertion&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;start&nbsp;of&nbsp;th&nbsp;<br />e&nbsp;associated&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />在中斷發生和相關的中斷服務程序運行之間的時間長短。&nbsp;<br />interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine（中斷服務程序）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;software&nbsp;executed&nbsp;in&nbsp;response&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;interrupt.&nbsp;<br />響應特定中斷而運行的一小段軟件。&nbsp;<br />interrupt&nbsp;type（中斷類型）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;unique&nbsp;number&nbsp;associated&nbsp;with&nbsp;each&nbsp;interrupt.&nbsp;<br />和每一個中斷相關聯的唯一數字。&nbsp;<br />interrupt&nbsp;vector&nbsp;（中斷向量）&nbsp;<br />The&nbsp;address&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />中斷服務程序所在的地址。&nbsp;<br />interrupt&nbsp;vector&nbsp;table（中斷向量表）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;table&nbsp;containing&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;vectors&nbsp;and&nbsp;indexed&nbsp;by&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;type.&nbsp;This&nbsp;tab&nbsp;<br />le&nbsp;contains&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&quot;s&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;between&nbsp;interrupts&nbsp;and&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;routines&nbsp;and&nbsp;must&nbsp;be&nbsp;initialized&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;programmer.&nbsp;<br />一個表格，包含由中斷類型決定的中斷向量和索引。這個表格包含中斷與中斷服務程序&nbsp;<br />之間的處理器的映射，必須由程序員進行初始化。&nbsp;<br />intertask&nbsp;communication（進程間通訊）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;mechanism&nbsp;used&nbsp;by&nbsp;tasks&nbsp;and&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routines&nbsp;to&nbsp;share&nbsp;informatio&nbsp;<br />n&nbsp;and&nbsp;synchronize&nbsp;their&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resources.&nbsp;The&nbsp;most&nbsp;common&nbsp;building&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;blocks&nbsp;of&nbsp;intertask&nbsp;communication&nbsp;are&nbsp;semaphores&nbsp;and&nbsp;mutexes.&nbsp;<br />一種被用來在任務和中斷服務程序之間共享信息和同步它們對共享資源訪問的機制。大&nbsp;<br />部分進程間通訊的建立的基石是信號燈和互斥。&nbsp;<br />K&nbsp;<br />Kernel（內核）&nbsp;<br />An&nbsp;essential&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;any&nbsp;multitasking&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system,&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;contains&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />just&nbsp;the&nbsp;scheduler&nbsp;and&nbsp;context-switch&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />任何多任務操作系統的本質部分，內核僅僅包含調度程序和上下文切換進程。&nbsp;<br />L&nbsp;<br />Linker（連接程序）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;software&nbsp;development&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;accepts&nbsp;one&nbsp;or&nbsp;more&nbsp;object&nbsp;files&nbsp;as&nbsp;input&nbsp;a&nbsp;<br />nd&nbsp;outputs&nbsp;a&nbsp;relocatable&nbsp;program.&nbsp;The&nbsp;linker&nbsp;is&nbsp;thus&nbsp;run&nbsp;after&nbsp;all&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;so&nbsp;<br />urce&nbsp;files&nbsp;have&nbsp;been&nbsp;compiled&nbsp;or&nbsp;assembled.&nbsp;<br />一種能把一個或更多目標文件組合成可輸入和輸出的可重定位程序的開發工具。連接程&nbsp;<br />序在所有的源文件都被編譯或匯編之后運行。&nbsp;<br />Locator（定位程序）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;software&nbsp;development&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;assigns&nbsp;physical&nbsp;addresses&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;relocatab&nbsp;<br />le&nbsp;program&nbsp;produced&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;linker.&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;last&nbsp;step&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;preparation&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />of&nbsp;software&nbsp;for&nbsp;execution&nbsp;by&nbsp;an&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;system&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;resulting&nbsp;file&nbsp;is&nbsp;ca&nbsp;<br />lled&nbsp;an&nbsp;executable.&nbsp;In&nbsp;some&nbsp;cases,&nbsp;the&nbsp;locator&quot;s&nbsp;function&nbsp;may&nbsp;be&nbsp;hidden&nbsp;with&nbsp;<br />in&nbsp;the&nbsp;linker.&nbsp;<br />一種分配物理地址給連接程序處理過的可重定位程序的軟件開發工具。這是準備一個軟&nbsp;<br />件在嵌入式系統中運行的最后一步，并且結果文件叫做可執行的。在一些情況下，定位&nbsp;<br />程序功能隱藏在連接程序中。&nbsp;<br />logic&nbsp;analyzer（邏輯分析儀）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;debugging&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;capture&nbsp;the&nbsp;logic&nbsp;levels&nbsp;(0&nbsp;or&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;1)&nbsp;of&nbsp;dozens,&nbsp;or&nbsp;even&nbsp;hundreds,&nbsp;of&nbsp;electrical&nbsp;signals&nbsp;in&nbsp;real-time.&nbsp;Logic&nbsp;a&nbsp;<br />nalyzers&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;quite&nbsp;helpful&nbsp;for&nbsp;debugging&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;problems&nbsp;and&nbsp;complex&nbsp;pr&nbsp;<br />ocessor-peripheral&nbsp;interactions.&nbsp;<br />一種硬件調試工具，能捕獲實時電信號的許多邏輯電平（0或1），邏輯分析儀在調試硬&nbsp;<br />件問題和復雜的處理外設交互時相當有用。&nbsp;<br />M&nbsp;<br />memory&nbsp;map（內存映射）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;table&nbsp;or&nbsp;diagram&nbsp;containing&nbsp;the&nbsp;name&nbsp;and&nbsp;address&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;each&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />addressable&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space.&nbsp;Memory&nbsp;maps&nbsp;are&nbsp;a&nbsp;help&nbsp;<br />ful&nbsp;aid&nbsp;in&nbsp;getting&nbsp;to&nbsp;know&nbsp;the&nbsp;target.&nbsp;<br />一個在內存空間中的，包含每個外設的名字和可由處理器設置的地址范圍的表格或圖表&nbsp;<br />。內存映射有助于了解目標機情況。&nbsp;<br />memory-mapped&nbsp;&nbsp;I/O（內存映射I/O）&nbsp;<br />An&nbsp;increasingly&nbsp;common&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;design&nbsp;methodology&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;devices&nbsp;are&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />placed&nbsp;into&nbsp;the&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;the&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;space.&nbsp;From&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&quot;s&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;point&nbsp;of&nbsp;view,&nbsp;memory-mapped&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;devices&nbsp;look&nbsp;very&nbsp;much&nbsp;like&nbsp;memory&nbsp;devices&nbsp;<br />.&nbsp;<br />一種日益流行的硬件設計方法，在這種方法中，I/O設備被放置在內存空間而不是I/O空&nbsp;<br />間。從處理器的觀點看，內存映射I/O設備看上去很象內存一樣。&nbsp;<br />memory&nbsp;space（內存空間）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;processor&quot;s&nbsp;standard&nbsp;address&nbsp;space.&nbsp;Contrast&nbsp;with&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;space.&nbsp;<br />一個處理器的標準地址空間。相對I/O空間。&nbsp;<br />Microcontroller（微控制器）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;microcontroller&nbsp;is&nbsp;very&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;microprocessor.&nbsp;The&nbsp;main&nbsp;difference&nbsp;i&nbsp;<br />s&nbsp;that&nbsp;a&nbsp;microcontroller&nbsp;is&nbsp;designed&nbsp;specifically&nbsp;for&nbsp;use&nbsp;in&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;system&nbsp;<br />s&nbsp;Microcontrollers&nbsp;typically&nbsp;include&nbsp;a&nbsp;CPU,&nbsp;memory&nbsp;(a&nbsp;small&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;RAM&nbsp;an&nbsp;<br />d/or&nbsp;ROM),&nbsp;and&nbsp;other&nbsp;peripherals&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;chip.&nbsp;Common&nbsp;examples&nbsp;are&nbsp;the&nbsp;8&nbsp;<br />051,&nbsp;Intel&quot;s&nbsp;80196,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Motorola&quot;s&nbsp;68HCxx&nbsp;series.&nbsp;<br />微控制器很像微處理器。主要的差別在于微控制器被特殊設計用在嵌入式系統中。微控&nbsp;<br />制器典型地包括CPU、內存（很小的RAM或ROM），還有其他的外設，它們在同一塊芯片上&nbsp;<br />。常見的例子是：8051、Intel80196、Motorola68HCxx系列。&nbsp;<br />Microprocessor（微處理器）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;silicon&nbsp;containing&nbsp;a&nbsp;general-purpose&nbsp;CPU.&nbsp;The&nbsp;most&nbsp;common&nbsp;example&nbsp;<br />s&nbsp;are&nbsp;Intel&quot;s&nbsp;80x86&nbsp;and&nbsp;Motorola&quot;s&nbsp;680x0&nbsp;families.&nbsp;<br />一片包含通用CPU的硅片。常見的例子是：Intel80x86、Motorola&nbsp;680x0系列。&nbsp;<br />Monitor（監視器）&nbsp;<br />In&nbsp;the&nbsp;context&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;book,&nbsp;a&nbsp;debug&nbsp;monitor.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;there&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;second&nbsp;mea&nbsp;<br />ning&nbsp;for&nbsp;this&nbsp;word&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;associated&nbsp;with&nbsp;intertask&nbsp;communication.&nbsp;In&nbsp;that&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />context,&nbsp;a&nbsp;monitor&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;language-level&nbsp;synchronization&nbsp;feature.&nbsp;<br />在這本書的上下文中，是指調試監視器。然而，第二個意思與任務間通訊相關聯。在那&nbsp;<br />個上下文中，監視器是高級同步機制的特性。&nbsp;<br />Multiprocessing（多處理）&nbsp;<br />The&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;more&nbsp;than&nbsp;one&nbsp;processor&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;computer&nbsp;system.&nbsp;So-called&nbsp;&quot;m&nbsp;<br />ultiprocessor&nbsp;systems&quot;&nbsp;usually&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;common&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space&nbsp;through&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />processors&nbsp;can&nbsp;communicate&nbsp;and&nbsp;share&nbsp;data.&nbsp;In&nbsp;addition,&nbsp;some&nbsp;multiprocessor&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />systems&nbsp;support&nbsp;parallel&nbsp;processing.&nbsp;<br />在單個的計算機系統中有多個處理器。被叫作“多處理器系統”的一般有公用的內存空&nbsp;<br />間，處理器通過它們進行通訊和共享數據。另外，一些多處理器系統支持并行處理。&nbsp;<br />Multitasking&nbsp;（多任務）&nbsp;<br />The&nbsp;execution&nbsp;of&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;software&nbsp;routines&nbsp;in&nbsp;pseudo-parallel.&nbsp;Each&nbsp;routine&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;represents&nbsp;a&nbsp;separate&nbsp;&quot;thread&nbsp;of&nbsp;execution&quot;&nbsp;and&nbsp;is&nbsp;referred&nbsp;to&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;task.&nbsp;T&nbsp;<br />he&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;is&nbsp;responsible&nbsp;for&nbsp;simulating&nbsp;parallelism&nbsp;by&nbsp;parceling&nbsp;o&nbsp;<br />ut&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&quot;s&nbsp;time.&nbsp;<br />偽并行運行的多個軟件程序。每一個程序表現得像分開的“執行的線程”并且被看作是&nbsp;<br />一個任務。操作系統通過分配處理器時間來模擬并行方式。&nbsp;<br />Mutex（互斥）&nbsp;<br />A&nbsp;data&nbsp;structure&nbsp;for&nbsp;mutual&nbsp;exclusion,&nbsp;also&nbsp;known&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;binary&nbsp;semaphore.&nbsp;A&nbsp;m&nbsp;<br />utex&nbsp;is&nbsp;basically&nbsp;just&nbsp;a&nbsp;multitasking-aware&nbsp;binary&nbsp;flag&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />synchronize&nbsp;the&nbsp;activities&nbsp;of&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;tasks.&nbsp;As&nbsp;such,&nbsp;it&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;pro&nbsp;<br />tect&nbsp;critical&nbsp;sections&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;code&nbsp;from&nbsp;interruption&nbsp;and&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resources&nbsp;fr&nbsp;<br />om&nbsp;simultaneous&nbsp;use.&nbsp;<br />表現互斥現象的數據結構，也被當作二元信號燈。一個互斥基本上是一個多任務敏感的&nbsp;<br />二元信號，它能用作同步多任務的行為，它常用作保護從中斷來的臨界段代碼并且在共&nbsp;<br />