SHORTEN(1)               USER COMMANDS                 SHORTEN(1)NAME     shorten - lossless compression for audio filesSYNOPSIS     shorten [ -xh ] [ -a align bytes ] [ -b block size  ]  [  -c     channels  ]  [ -m blocks ] [ -p prediction order ] [ -t file     type ] [ -v version ] [ input file ] [ output file ]DESCRIPTION     shorten reduces the size of audio files using Huffman coding     of  prediction  residuals.   If only one file name is speci-     fied, the compressed file is written to standard output.  If     no  file  names  are  specified,  standard  input  is  read.     Filenames can be replaced by "-".     The amount of compression obtained depends on the nature  of     the  audio  signal.   Those composing of low frequencies and     low amplitudes give the best  compression.   Compression  is     generally  better  than  that  obtained  by  general purpose     compression utilities applied to audio files.OPTIONS     -a align bytes          Specify the number of bytes needed to be copied  verba-          tim  before  compression begins according to the speci-          fied file type.  This is useful if  header  information          is not a multiple of the number bytes per sample.     -b block size          Specify the number of samples  to  be  grouped  into  a          block  for  processing.  Within a block the signal ele-          ments are expected to have the  same  spectral  charac-          teristics.  The default option works reasonably well.     -c channels          Specify the number of independent interwoven  channels.          For two signals, a(t) and b(t) the original data format          is assumed to be a(0),b(0),a(1),b(1)...     -h   Give a short message specifying usage options.     -m blocks          Specify the number of past blocks to be used  to  esti-          mate the mean of the signal.  The default value of zero          disables this prediction and the mean is assumed to lie          in  the  middle  of the range of the relevant data type          (i.e. at zero for signed quantities).     -p prediction order          Specify the order of the linear predictive filter.  The          default  value of zero disables the use of linear pred-          iction and a polynomial interpolation  method  is  usedSun Release 4.1     Last change: 17 July 1992                   1SHORTEN(1)               USER COMMANDS                 SHORTEN(1)          instead.   The use of the linear predictive filter gen-          erally results in a small  improvement  in  compression          ratio  at  the  expense of execution time.  Compression          time is linear in the specified order whilst decompres-          sion time is about twice that of the default polynomial          interpolation.     -t file type          Gives the type of the  sound  sample  file  as  one  of          {au,s8,u8,s16,u16,s16x,u16x,s16hl,u16hl,s16lh,u16lh}.          au is the file type of ulaw  encoded  files.   All  the          other  types have initial s or u for signed or unsigned          data, followed by 8 or 16 as the  number  of  bits  per          sample.   No further extension means the data is in the          natural byte order, a trailing x specfies byte  swapped          data,  hl  explitly  states the byte order as high byte          followed by low byte and hl the converse.     -v version          Specify the  binary  format  version  number.   At  the          moment,  version  1 can write version 0 files, although          continuation of this feature  is  not  guarenteed.   It          will  always  be possible to unpack files packed with a          lower version number.     -x   Extract.   Reconstruct the original  file.   All  other          command line options are ignored.METHODOLOGY     shorten works by blocking the signal, making a model of each     block  in  order to remove temporal redundancy, then Huffman     coding the prediction residual.  Blocking     The signal is read in a block of about 128 or  256  samples,     and  converted  to ints with expected mean of zero.  Sample-     wise-interleaved data is  converted  to  separate  channels,     which are assumed independent.  Decorrelation     Four functions are computed, corresponding  to  the  signal,     difference  signal, second and third order differences.  The     one with the lowest variance  is  coded.   The  variance  is     measured  by  summing absolute values for speed and to avoid     overflow.  Compression     It is assumed the signal has the Lapaclian probability  den-     sity  function  of exp(-abs(x)).  There is a computationally     efficient way of mapping this density to huffman codes,  The     code  is  in  two parts, a run of zeros a bounding one and a     fixed number of bits mantissa.  The number of leading  zerosSun Release 4.1     Last change: 17 July 1992                   2SHORTEN(1)               USER COMMANDS                 SHORTEN(1)     gives  the  offset  from zero.  Signed numbers are stored by     calling the function for unsigned numbers with the  sign  in     the lowest bit.  Some examples for a 2 bit mantissa:     100  0     101  1     110  2     111  3     0100 4     0111 7     00100     8     0000100   16INTERNAL FILE STRUCTURE     The structure of a compressed file is:     1) four bytes for a magic number     2) one byte for a format version     3) The command line options     4) a repeating sequence of <command> <args> ...SEE ALSO     compress(1),pack(1).DIAGNOSTICS     Exit status is normally 0.  A warning is issued if the  file     is  not  properly  aligned,  i.e.  a whole number of records     could not be read at the end of the file.BUGS     No check is made for inceasing file size, but  valid  speech     files  generally achieve some compression.  Even compressing     a file of random bytes  (which  represents  the  worst  case     audio  file,  that  of  maximum  amplitude white noise) only     results in a small increase in the file length (about 6%).     In versions prior to 1.0, not  enough  space  was  allocated     when  the  specified  blocksize  was  more than the default.     This could have caused data corruption problems.   This  has     now been fixed.Sun Release 4.1     Last change: 17 July 1992                   3SHORTEN(1)               USER COMMANDS                 SHORTEN(1)     Future enchancements that are likely to improve the compres-     sion  are  pitch  period  tracking  and  arithmetic  coding.     Please mail me with bugs, bug fixes and  any  other  sugges-     tions.AVAILABILITY     The latest version can be obtained  by  anonymous  FTP  from     svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk, directory misc.AUTHOR     Copyright (C) 1992,1993 by Tony Robinson (ajr@eng.cam.ac.uk)     The aim of the copying and usage restrictions is that  is  I     want people to be able to use the software freely, modify if     they like, but not sell it or claim it is their own work.     Thanks to Dolf Grunbauer, Kris Huber and the NIST  gang  for     providing motivation and valuable feedback.Sun Release 4.1     Last change: 17 July 1992                   4