?? expectation-maximization algorithm.htm
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<DL>
<DD><IMG class=tex
alt="\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}(\theta)}{\partial \mu_i} &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \left( - \frac{\partial}{\partial \mu_i} \frac{1}{2}(\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)^T \Sigma_i^{-1} (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) \right) \\ &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \left( - \frac{1}{2}(\Sigma_i^{-1} +\Sigma_i^{-T})(\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)(-1) \right) \\ &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \left( \Sigma_i^{-1}(\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) \right) \\ &=& 0 \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \Sigma_i^{-1} \mathbf \mu_i &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \Sigma_i^{-1} \mathbf y_j \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \mu_i \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \mathbf y_j \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \mu_i &=& \frac{\sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \mathbf y_j}{\sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t)} \\ \end{matrix}"
src="Expectation-maximization algorithm.files/48d80f46d68a35f448bae59e934a63b2.png">
</DD></DL>
<P>New estimate for covariance:</P>
<DL>
<DD><IMG class=tex
alt="\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}(\theta)}{\partial \Sigma_i} &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \left( - \frac{\partial}{\partial \Sigma_i} \frac{1}{2} \ln \left| \Sigma_i \right| - \frac{\partial}{\partial \Sigma_i} \frac{1}{2}(\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)^T \Sigma_i^{-1} (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) \right) \\ &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \left( - \frac{1}{2} \Sigma_i^{-T} + \frac{1}{2} \Sigma_i^{-T}(\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)^T \Sigma_i^{-T} \right) \\ &=& 0 \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \Sigma_i^{-1} &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \Sigma_i^{-1} (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)^T \Sigma_i^{-1} \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) &=& \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \Sigma_i^{-1} (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)^T \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \Sigma_i &=& \frac{\sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i) (\mathbf y_j - \mathbf \mu_i)^T}{\sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t)} \\ \end{matrix}"
src="Expectation-maximization algorithm.files/e28ec3f79ec53568a5ddc4f085f871a2.png">
</DD></DL>
<P>New estimate for class probability:</P>
<DL>
<DD><IMG class=tex
alt="\begin{matrix} \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}(\theta)}{\partial P(x_i|\theta)} &=& \left( \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \frac{\partial \ln P(x_i|\theta)}{\partial P(x_i|\theta)} \right) - \lambda \left( \frac{\partial P(x_i|\theta)}{\partial P(x_i|\theta)} \right) \\ &=& \left( \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \frac{1}{P(x_i|\theta)} \right) - \lambda \\ &=& 0 \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \frac{1}{P(x_i|\theta)} &=& \lambda \\ P(x_i|\theta) &=& \frac{1}{\lambda} \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \\ \end{matrix}"
src="Expectation-maximization algorithm.files/74c51634b42cb135e4240dafc4ca62ca.png">
</DD></DL>
<P>Inserting into the constraint:</P>
<DL>
<DD><IMG class=tex
alt="\begin{matrix} \sum_{i=1}^{n} P(x_i|\theta) &=& \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{\lambda} \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \\ &=& 1 \\ & \Downarrow & \\ \lambda &=& \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \\ \end{matrix}"
src="Expectation-maximization algorithm.files/114b382cb5b31a55aef7cec2ac0fe5bb.png">
</DD></DL>
<P>Inserting <SPAN class=texhtml>λ</SPAN> into our estimate:</P>
<DL>
<DD><IMG class=tex
alt="\begin{matrix} P(x_i|\theta) &=& \frac{1}{\lambda} \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t) \\ &=& \frac{\sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t)}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^m P(x_i | \mathbf y_j, \theta_t)} \\ \end{matrix}"
src="Expectation-maximization algorithm.files/b19fed36411893a9c8b11ec72d636b3b.png">
</DD></DL>
<P>These estimates now become our <SPAN class=texhtml>θ<SUB><I>t</I> +
1</SUB></SPAN>, to be used in the next estimation step.</P>
<DIV class=editsection style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px">[<A
title="Edit section: References"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expectation-maximization_algorithm&action=edit&section=10">edit</A>]</DIV>
<P><A id=References name=References></A></P>
<H2>References</H2>
<UL>
<LI>Arthur Dempster, Nan Laird, and Donald Rubin. "Maximum likelihood from
incomplete data via the EM algorithm". <I>Journal of the Royal Statistical
Society</I>, Series B, 39(1):1–38, 1977 <A class="external autonumber"
title=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9246%281977%2939%3A1%3C1%3AMLFIDV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z
href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0035-9246%281977%2939%3A1%3C1%3AMLFIDV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z">[1]</A>.
<LI>Robert Hogg, Joseph McKean and Allen Craig. <I>Introduction to
Mathematical Statistics</I>. pp. 359-364. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prentice Hall, 2005.
<LI>Radford Neal, <A title="Geoffrey Hinton"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</A>. "A
view of the EM algorithm that justifies incremental, sparse, and other
variants". In Michael I. Jordan (editor), <I>Learning in Graphical Models</I>
pp 355-368. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
<LI><A class="external text"
title=http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/
href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/">The on-line textbook:
Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms</A>, by <A
title="David J.C. MacKay"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J.C._MacKay">David J.C. MacKay</A>
includes simple examples of the E-M algorithm such as clustering using the
soft K-means algorithm, and emphasizes the variational view of the E-M
algorithm.
<LI><A class="external text"
title=http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bilmes98gentle.html
href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bilmes98gentle.html">A Gentle Tutorial of
the EM Algorithm and its Application to Parameter Estimation for Gaussian
Mixture and Hidden Markov Models</A>, by <A class=new title="J. Bilmes"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Bilmes&action=edit">J.
Bilmes</A> includes a simplified derivation of the EM equations for Gaussian
Mixtures and Gaussian Mixture Hidden Markov Models.
<LI><A class="external text"
title=http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/mbeal/thesis/index.html
href="http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/mbeal/thesis/index.html">Variational
Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Inference</A>, by M. J. Beal includes
comparisons of EM to Variational Bayesian EM and derivations of several models
including Variational Bayesian HMMs.
<LI><A class="external text"
title=http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~dellaert/em-paper.pdf
href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~dellaert/em-paper.pdf">The Expectation
Maximization Algorithm</A>, by Frank Dellaert, gives an easier explanation of
EM algorithm in terms of lowerbound maximization. </LI></UL>
<DIV class=editsection style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px">[<A
title="Edit section: See also"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expectation-maximization_algorithm&action=edit&section=11">edit</A>]</DIV>
<P><A id=See_also name=See_also></A></P>
<H2>See also</H2>
<UL>
<LI><A title="Estimation theory"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation_theory">estimation theory</A>
<LI><A title="Data clustering"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_clustering">Data clustering</A>
<LI><A title="K-means algorithm"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_algorithm">K-means algorithm</A>
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