Tech Note 0001How to Gather Entropy on Embedded SystemsTom St DenisIntroduction------------This tech note explains a relatively simple way to gather entropy for a PRNG (Yarrow in this case) in embedded systemswhere there are few sources of entropy or physical sources.When trying to setup a secure random number generator a fresh source of random data (entropy) is required to ensure thedeterministic state of the PRNG is not known or predetermined with respect to an attacker.At the very least the system requires one timer and one source of un-timed interrupts.  by "un-timed" I mean interruptsthat do not occur at regular intervals [e.g. joypad/keypad input, network packets, etc...].First we shall begin by taking an overview of how the Yarrow PRNG works within libtomcrypt.  At the heart of allPRNGs is the "prng_state" data type.  This is a union of structures that hold the PRNG state for the various prngs.  The first thing we require is a state...    prng_state myPrng;Next we must initialize the state once to get the ball rolling   if (yarrow_start(&myPrng) != CRYPT_OK) {      // error should never happen!   }At this point the PRNG is ready to accept fresh entropy which is added with   int yarrow_add_entropy(const unsigned char *buf, unsigned long len, prng_state *prng)This function is **NOT** thread safe which will come under consideration later.  To add entropy to our PRNG we must call this function with fresh data as its sampled.  Lets say we have a timer counter called "uTimer" which is a 32-bit long and say a 32-bit joyPad state called "uPad".  An example interrupt handler would look like   void joypad_interrupt(...) {       unsigned char buf[8];       STORE32L(uTimer, buf);       STORE32L(uPad, buf+4)       if (yarrow_add_entropy(buf, 8, &myPrng) != CRYPT_OK) {          // this should never occur either unless you didn't call yarrow_start       }        // handle interrupt   }In this snippet the timer count and state of the joypad are added together into the entropy pool.  The timer is importantbecause with respect to the joypad it is a good source of entropy (on its own its not).  For example, the probability ofthe user pushing the up arrow is fairly high, but at a specific time is not.This method doesn't gather alot of entropy and has to be used to for quite a while.  One way to speed it up is to tapmultiple sources.  If you have a network adapter and other sources of events (keyboard, mouse, etc...) trapping theirdata is ideal as well.  Its important to gather the timer along with the event data.As mentioned the "yarrow_add_entropy()" function is not thread safe.  If your system allows interrupt handlers to be interrupted themselves then you could have trouble.  One simple way is to detect when an interrupt is in progress andsimply not add entropy during the call (jump over the yarrow_add_entropy() call)Once you feel that there has been enough entropy added to the pool then within a single thread you can call    int yarrow_ready(prng_state *prng)Now the PRNG is ready to read via the     unsigned long yarrow_read(unsigned char *buf, unsigned long len, prng_state *prng)It is a very good idea that once you call the yarrow_ready() function that you stop harvesting entropy in your interruptfunctions.  This will free up alot of CPU time.  Also one more final note.  The yarrow_read() function is not threadsafe either.  This means if you have multiple threads or processes that read from it you will have to add your own semaphoresaround calls to it.