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<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
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<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>— Appendix B —</B>
<BR><B>Glossary</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>
<BR>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)—</B>An OSI language used to define datatypes for networks. It is used within TCP/IP to provide conformance with the OSI model.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Access Control—</B>A process that defines each user's privileges on a system.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Acknowledgment (ACK)—</B>A positive response returned from a receiver to the sender indicating success. TCP uses acknowledgments to indicate the successful reception of a packet.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Active Open—</B>An operation performed by a client to establish a TCP connection with a server.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Address—</B>A memory location in a particular machine's RAM. A numeric identifier or symbolic name that specifies the location of a particular machine or device on a network, and a means of identifying a complete network, subnetwork, or a node within a network.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Address Mask</B> (also called the subnet mask)<B>—</B>A set of rules for omitting parts of a complete IP address in order to reach the target destination without using a broadcast message. The mask can, for example, indicate a subnetwork portion of a larger network. In TCP/IP, the address mask uses the 32-bit IP address.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Address Resolution—</B>Mapping of an IP address to a machine's physical address. TCP/IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for this function.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)—</B>See <I>Address Resolution</I>. ARP is a protocol used to correlate an IP address to a machine's physical address. The reverse operation is performed by Reverse Address Resolution protocol (RARP).
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Address Space—</B>A range of memory addresses available to an application program.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)—</B>DARPA's former name. ARPA was an agency funded by the U.S. federal government originally for pure research. When it was changed to DARPA the funding became part of the Defence budget.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Agent—</B>In TCP/IP, an agent is an SNMP process that responds to get and set requests. Agents can also send trap messages.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>American National Standards Institute (ANSI)—</B>The U.S. body responsible for setting standards.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Application Layer—</B>The highest layer in the OSF model. It establishes communications rights and can initiate a connection between two applications.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Application Programming Interface (API)—</B>A set of routines available to developers and applications to provide specific services used by the system, usually specific to the application's purpose. They act as access methods into the application.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)—</B>A packet-switched network that later became known as the Internet.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information </B><B>Interchange)—</B>An 8-bit character set defining alphanumeric characters.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Assigned Numbers—</B>Used in Request For Comment (RFC) documents to specify values used by TCP/IP.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Asynchronous—</B>Communications without a regular time basis, enabling transmission at unequal rates.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Autonomous System—</B>A collection of routers that are under the control of a single management body. The system usually uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Backbone—</B>A set of nodes and links connected together comprising a network, or the upper layer protocols used in a network. Sometimes the term is used to refer to a network's physical media.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Bandwidth—</B>The range of frequencies transmitted on a channel, or the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies transmitted across a channel.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Baseband—</B>A type of channel where data transmission is carried across only one communications channel, supporting only one signal transmission at a time. Ethernet is a baseband system.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Baseband Signaling—</B>A type of transmission that has a continuous encoded signal. Only one node at a time can send data over this type of transmission technology. Used in Local Area Networks.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Basic Encoding Rules (BER)—</B>The rules for encoding datatypes using ASN.1.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Baud—</B>The number of times a signal changes state in one second.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)—</B>A version of the UNIX operating system that first included TCP/IP support. The UNIX operating systems that included TCP/IP are referred to as 4.2BSD or 4.3BSD.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Bit Error Rate (BER)—</B>The number of errors expected in a transmission.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Bit Rate—</B>The rate that bits are transmitted, usually expressed in seconds.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>BITNET (Because It's Time Network)—</B>An electronic mail network connecting over 200 universities. It merged with the CSNET network to produce CREN.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Block Mode—</B>A string of data recorded or transmitted as a unit. Block mode transmission is usually used for high speed transmissions and in large, high speed networks.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)—</B>A protocol that provides information about the devices that can be reached through a router (into an autonomous network). BGP is newer than EGP.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Bridge—</B>A network device capable of connecting networks that use similar protocols.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Broadband</B> (also known as wideband)<B>—</B>A range of frequencies divided into several narrower bands. Each band can be used for different purposes.
<BR>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Broadband Signaling—</B>The type of signaling used in Local Area Networks that enables multiplexing of more than one transmission at a time.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Broadcast—</B>The simultaneous transmission of the same data to all nodes connected to the network.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Brouter—</B>A network device that is a combination of the functions of a bridge and a router. It can function as a bridge while filtering protocols and packets destined for nodes on different networks.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>BSD—</B>See <I>Berkeley Software Distribution</I>.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Buffer—</B>A memory area used for handling input and output.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Burst Mode—</B>A transmission mode where data is transmitted in bursts rather than in continuous streams.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Bus—</B>In network topology, a linear configuration. Also used to refer to part of the electronic layout of network devices.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Cache—</B>A memory location that keeps frequently requested material ready. Usually the cache is faster than a storage device. It is used to speed data and instruction transfer.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Carrier Sense—</B>A signal generated by the physical network layer to inform the data link layer that one or more nodes are transmitting on the network medium.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection </B><B>(CSMA/CD)—</B>A network media access control protocol wherein a device listens to the medium to monitor traffic. If there is no signal, the device is allowed to send data.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Cheapernet—</B>A reduced-cost Ethernet variant where the maximum length of the network is 200 feet. It uses inexpensive 75-ohm coaxial cable, simple connectors, and no transceivers.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Client—</B>A program that tries to connect to another program (usually on another machine) called a server. The client calls the server. The server listens for calls.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Client/Server Architecture—</B>A catch-all term used to refer to a distributed environment where one program can initiate a session and another program can answer its requests. The origin of client/server designs is closely allied with the TCP/IP protocol suite.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>CMOT—</B>The TCP/IP implementation of CMIP.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Collision—</B>An event that occurs when two or more nodes broadcast packets at the same time—the packets collide.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Collision Detection—</B>A device's capability to detect whether a collision has occurred.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)—</B>A network management protocol usually associated with OSI. When used with TCP/IP, CMIP is called CMOT.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Common Management Information Service (CMIS)—</B>Management services provided by CMIP.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Connection—</B>A link between two or more processes, applications, machines, network, and so forth. Connections can be logical, physical, or both.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Connection Oriented—</B>A type of network service where the transport layer protocol sends acknowledgments to the sender regarding incoming data. This type of service usually provides for retransmission of corrupted or lost data.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Connectionless—</B>A type of network service that does not send acknowledgments to the sender upon receipt of data. UDP is a connectionless protocol.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Consortium for Research and Education Network (CREN)—</B>The name for the body arising from the combination of CSNET and BITNET.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Contention—</B>A condition occurring in some LANs where the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer allows more than one node to transmit at the same time, risking collisions.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>CMIP</B>—See Common Management Information Protocol.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>CMOT</B>—The TCP/IP implementation of CMIP.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P><B>Core Gateway—</B>A router operated by the Internet Network Operations Center to distribute routing information.
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
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