.TH USAGE 8.SH NAMEusage \- installing and using MINIX.SH DESCRIPTION.de SP.if t .sp 0.4.if n .sp...de XB	\" An example in bold print..RS.nf.ft B\&\\$1.ft R.fi.RE...de 3A	\" Three Letter Acronym at 1 point size smaller.\&\\$3\s-1\\$1\s+1\\$2...de 3B	\" TLA in bold.\&\\$3\fB\s-1\\$1\s+1\fR\\$2..This manual page describes the installation and use of MINIX from aSystem Administrators point of view.  It contains an installation guide,instructions on how to do the initial configuration and some other info.Please read this document entirely before attempting to install MINIX.The installation steps are in the proper order, but not all theinformation you may need is presented at the right moment.Other detailed information that may be useful can be found in.BR boot (8),.BR hier (7),and in.BR dosminix (8)if you run MINIX under DOS..SS "1. MINIX UNDER DOS"Installation of MINIX to run under DOS is a nonevent.  Chances are, you arereading this manual page from an already running MINIX system, but if notthen the setup goes like this:.PPUnpack the DOSMINIX.ZIP file using one of the popular ZIP utilities, such asPKZIP or WinZIP.  Next reboot Windows and hit F8 just when you see the"Booting Windows" message.  From the menu that appears choose "Commandprompt only", or if that doesn't work "Safe mode command prompt only".  UnderWindows Me you can use a startup disk to boot the PC into DOS.  Moveto the directory containing the MINIX files and type:.PP.XB "boot minix.mnx".PPType '=' and presto, you are running MINIX.  Most of the rest of this manual,which deals mainly with running MINIX in a true hard disk partition, doesnot apply to you.  Your system is already installed completely, with allbinaries and sources present, so all the talk about getting MINIX on yourdisk can be skimmed over.  Pay attention again when the focus shifts to theconfiguration of the system.  Section 9 is where this happens first.  (Themain challange to a DOS installation is to figure out which parts of theinstallation manual do not apply.).SS "2. REQUIREMENTS"The minimum system MINIX can be installed on comfortably is an IBM PC/ATor PS/2 with a 286 processor, 2 MB memory, a 720 kb diskette drive, and 35MB free space on an AT,ESDI, or SCSI hard disk (the latter controlled by an Adaptec 1540.)  MINIXfor the 386 (MINIX-386 for short) can be installed on a machine with atleast a 386sx processor, 3 MB memory and at least 35 MB of disk space..PPThe minimum system MINIX can be installed on.BR un comfortablyis an IBM PC/XT with 640 kb memory.  MINIX-386 can more or less run in 2MB memory.  See sections 16 and 17 on "low memory" issues..SS "3. MINIX INSTALLATION BACKGROUND"The objective of the installation is to create a partition on your diskand to put MINIX into it.  MINIX really requires at least two partitionshowever, so the single "primary" partition is split into two or threesubpartitions.The.B s0subpartition will contain the root file system, the.B s1subpartition may optionally contain swapspace, and the.B s2subpartition will contain the.B /usrfile system.  What Windows calls"drives", i.e C:, D:, E:, MINIX calls "file systems".  MINIX does not usedrive letters, but requires that one file system is made a part of anotherfile system by "mounting" one on the other.  The "root" file system isalways present and starts with the directory "/", the root of the directorytree.  The root file system contains a few programs in.BR /bin ,device files in.BR /dev ,and configuration files in.BR /etc .This is just enough to get the system started.  MINIX will soon extendits directory tree by mounting a file system on the.B /usrdirectory.  What is henceforth known as the /usr file system contains allMINIX programs in.BR /usr/bin ,file system sources in.BR /usr/src ,etc, etc.The \s-2ROOT.MNX\s+2 image contains the complete MINIX root file system, but\s-2USR\s+2 contains just a small subset of the /usr file system, with justenough utilities to install MINIX.  The complete /usr file system issplit up into the \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2, \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2 and \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2archives that are installed later to fill /usr..PPLet's suppose your first hard disk, which hasdevice name.BR /dev/c0d0 ,has Windows already present in the first primary partition.RB ( /dev/c0d0p0 ),and some free space left after that.  After MINIX is installed in thatfree space the disk will look like this:.PP.nf.in +4n.ta +\w'/dev/c0d0p1s0mmmm'u/dev/c0d0	Whole hard disk #0/dev/c0d0p0	Windows C: drive/dev/c0d0p1	MINIX primary partition/dev/c0d0p1s0	MINIX root partition/dev/c0d0p1s1	MINIX swap partition (optional)/dev/c0d0p1s2	MINIX /usr partition.in -8n.fi.PP/dev/c0d0 is the sum of a partition table, /dev/c0d0p0 and /dev/c0d0p1.Likewise is /dev/c0d0p1 the sum of a subpartition table, /dev/c0d0p1s0 and/dev/c0d0p1s2.  Read the "DEVICES" sections for more information on MINIXdevices..SS "4. INSTALLATION".ig \" Only relevant when on CD-ROM.If you have not already copied MINIX to floppy disks, please readthe README.TXT file in the MINIX directory now, for it tells how to do this.You should also print out EXAMPLE.TXT and read it in parallel with thisdocument.  This one tells you what to do; that one shows you what thescreen is supposed to look like at each step, so you can see if everythingis OK..PP..You can install MINIX automatically or manually as described in the sectionsbelow.  The end result is the same, but manual installation allowsone to deviate from the preconfigured choices.  You may wish to read themanual pages of the programs used below before you start.  You may especiallywant to read.BR boot (8)if your machine is different from what the majority buys, because youmay need to set a few boot parameters to configure drivers.  To do this type.B ESCto get to the Boot Monitor prompt, set the appropriate variables, use.B saveto store the settings and.B menuto continue where you left off..PPTo install the system you need two diskettes: a bootable root diskette and adiskette full of binaries to use as.BR /usr .These diskettes are named.B \s-2ROOT\s+2and.BR \s-2USR\s+2 .These two diskettes may also be combined on a single high density diskette.In that case the \s-2USR\s+2 part is on the.B p2partition..PPInsert the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette, boot the machine and type '=' to the menu.The MINIX kernel is loaded and takes control when you see the copyrightbanner.  After loading the root diskette into the RAM disk you will be askedto finish the name of the device to mount on.BR /usr .Type.BR fd0p2for a diskette that contains both \s-2ROOT\s+2 and \s-2USR\s+2, otherwisereplace \s-2ROOT\s+2 by \s-2USR\s+2 and type.BR fd0 .Login as.BR root ..SS "5. AUTOMATIC INSTALLATION"Before starting the installation, you must either have a free partitionavailable or have at least 35 MB not in any partition so you can createa MINIX partition..PPType.B setupto start the installation script.  First it offers to install a nationalkeyboard map.  The names should be clear, except for.BR us-swap ,which swaps the CTRL and CAPS LOCK keys of a standard US style keyboardfor people who believe that the natural place of CTRL is next to A.The default suggested between [ and ] is the US standard keyboard..PPThe next thing to do is to make a partition, for this you are placed in apartition table editor named.BR part .This partition table editor is very easy to use (in the author's opinion),but you will probably hate it.  You can move all over the place with thearrow keys, change values, and make a mess of your partition table real quick.So if you get into trouble, type 'q' to quit, 'n' to not write the table,and RETURN to start over.  Use the '?' key to get help..PPWith the '+' and '\-' keys you can select the disk device to install on,probably.BR /dev/c0d0 ,the first hard disk.  Type 'r' to load the partition table of the selecteddisk.  Either create one new partition by modifying a partition marked"None", or reuse an existing partition by changing its type to "MINIX" (hexcode 81).  DO NOT use part to shrink an existing partition!  It will destroyall data in that partition.  MINIX needs a partition of at least 20 MB, butnot larger than 128 MB (MINIX-86) or 1 GB (MINIX-386).  The system needs 35MB in compiled state..PPThe script then wants to know the name of the partition you've created.  Thepartition name is probably still visible on the screen.  Combined with thedrive name you have to type c0d0p1, c0d2p0 or something..PPThe next question is the amount of swapspace you want to give MINIX.  Therewill be a suggested value based on the amount of memory your system has.If you have more then enough memory then don't bother with swap.  MINIXdoesn't handle it very well yet, or ever, only memory starved systems need itso that.B "make world"can run..PPThe new partition table is reloaded into the disk driver, and thenew MINIX partition is carved up into two or three subpartitions, a 1440 kbroot, maybe some amount of swap, and the rest for /usr..PPAfter making /usr, it is immediately put to use to replace the installation/usr file system so that you can remove the \s-2USR\s+2 diskette and insertthe \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette (unless they are one and the same).  The root filesystem is filled with the contents of the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette and slightlypatched up to work on the hard disk (/etc/fstab.).PPYou can now skip the next section and move to "TESTING", but it may beinstructive to read it anyway..SS "6. MANUAL INSTALLATION"The instructions that follow are at a very low level and require you to bevery careful.  The big advantage is that you know precisely whattools have been used and how everything works.  The disadvantage is thatyou may easily make a mistake that either forces you to start over if youare lucky, or wipes out the contents of your hard disk if you are not.Only if you really want to do something different should you use a manualinstallation.  Slavishly following the steps shown below will only makeyou end up with the same result as an automatic installation..PPRun.B partto make partitions to load the system into.  The best thing to do is to makeone large primary partition of type "MINIX" and to carve this partition upinto three subpartitions for root, swap and /usr.  The assumption is that youwill use the second partition on the first hard disk,.BR /dev/c0d0p1 ,and that.B c0d0p1s0is the root subpartition,.B c0d0p1s1is swap and.B c0d0p1s2is /usr.  If you want to use the first partition onthe second hard disk for instance, then substitute c0d1p0 and c0d1p0s[012] forthe above.  See the section on devices below, and the manualpages of.BR part (8)and.BR controller (4).Start.B partand select the disk that youwant to install MINIX onto.  In our example it will be.BR /dev/c0d0 ..PPUse.B partto make a single partition in the primary partition table of type "MINIX",then hit '>' on this new partition to make a subpartition table..PPFor the root subpartition you are advised to use 1440 kb exactly.  You canmake it larger if you want to, but it is advisable never to let the contentsoutgrow a floppy.  (The \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette is a copy of a root filesystem, and will be used to fill your root subpartition.).PPThe second subpartition is for swapspace.  You can use it to enlarge theamount of total memory (real + swap) if your system has less than 2M(16-bit mode) or 4M (32-bit mode).  Note that only one MINIX swap partitionis needed on your system, so if you have another MINIX partition then you canuse its swap partition instead..PPUse the rest of the partition for.BR s2 ,the /usr subpartition..PPWhen you are done check that /dev/c0d0p1s0 is active (the * after the partitionnumber) so you can boot from it later..PPIf your disk has bad blocks then don't put the root or swap subpartitionon top of them.  Make sure the inode tables in the other partitions don'thave bad blocks either.  You can put the subpartitions out of order on thedisk if that helps.  Subpartition tables, unlike the main partitiontable, are not sorted by the driver..PPAfter making the partitions you do not have to reboot.  The disk driverreloads the partition tables on the next access if the disk is not in use.(Open or mounted.).PPTo be able to boot from /dev/c0d0p1s0 you must place a master bootstrap in/dev/c0d0p1.  It has been placed there by.B partif it told you that it was creating a new partition table, but.PP.XB "installboot\0\-m\0/dev/c0d0p1\0/usr/mdec/masterboot".RE.PPwill put it there for sure..PPLet's start by initializing the swap partition first, if you allocated one.We may need it already, so mount it..PP.XB "mkswap\0/dev/c0d0p1s1".XB "mount\0\-s\0/dev/c0d0p1s1".PP