.TH LS 1 .SH NAMEls  \-  list contents of directory.SH SYNOPSIS.B ls[.B \-ltasdrucifg] name ....SH DESCRIPTIONFor each directory argument,.I lslists the contents of the directory;for each file argument,.I lsrepeats its name and any other information requested.The output is sorted alphabetically by default.When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.When several arguments are given,the arguments are first sorted appropriately,but file arguments appearbefore directories and their contents.There are several options:.TP.B  \-lList in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner,size in bytes, and time of last modificationfor each file.(See below.)If the file is a special file the size field will instead containthe major and minor device numbers..TP.B  \-tSort by time modified (latest first) instead ofby name, as is normal..TP.B  \-aList all entries; usually.RB ` . 'and.RB ` .. 'are suppressed..TP.B  \-sGive size in blocks,including indirect blocks, for each entry..TP.B  \-dIf argument is a directory, list only its name, notits contents (mostly used with.B \-lto get statuson directory)..TP.B  \-rReverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabeticor oldest first as appropriate..TP.B  \-uUse time of last access instead of lastmodification for sorting.RB ( \-t )or printing.RB ( \-l )..TP.B \-cUse time of last modification to inode (mode, etc.)instead of last modification to file for sorting.RB ( \-t )or printing.RB ( \-l )..TP.B  \-iPrint i-number in first columnof the report for each file listed..TP.B  \-fForce each argument to be interpreted as a directoryand list the name found in each slot.This option turns off.B "\-l, \-t, \-s,"and.B \-r,andturns on.B \-a;the order is the order in which entriesappear in the directory..TP.B  \-gGive group ID instead of owner ID in long listing..PPThe mode printed under the.B \-loption contains 11 characterswhich are interpretedas follows:the first character is.TP 3.B  dif the entry is a directory;.br.ns.TP 3.B  bif the entry is a block-type special file;.br.ns.TP 3.B  cif the entry is a character-type special file;.br.ns.TP 3.B  \-if the entry is a plain file..PPThe next 9 characters are interpretedas three sets of three bits each.The first set refers to owner permissions;the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;and the last to all others.Within each set the three characters indicatepermission respectively to read, to write, or toexecute the file as a program.For a directory, `execute' permission is interpretedto mean permission to search the directoryfor a specified file.The permissions are indicated as follows:.TP 3.B  rif the file is readable;.br.ns.TP 3.B  wif the file is writable;.br.ns.TP 3.B  xif the file is executable;.br.ns.TP 3.B  \-if the indicated permission is not granted..PPThe group-execute permission character is givenas.B sif the file has set-group-ID mode;likewise the user-execute permission character is givenas.B sif the file has set-user-ID mode..PPThe last character of the mode (normally `x' or `\-') is .B tif the 1000 bit of the mode is on.See.IR  chmod (1)for the meaning of this mode..PPWhen the sizes of the files in a directoryare listed, a total count of blocks,including indirect blocks is printed..SH FILES/etc/passwd to get user ID's for`ls \-l'..br/etc/group to get group ID's for`ls \-g'.