.tr *\(**.tr |\(or.SH1: Basic Specifications.PPNames refer to either tokens or nonterminal symbols.Yacc requirestoken names to be declared as such.In addition, for reasons discussed in Section 3, it is often desirableto include the lexical analyzer as part of the specification file;it may be useful to include other programs as well.Thus, every specification file consists of three sections:the.I declarations ,.I "(grammar) rules" ,and.I programs .The sections are separated by double percent ``%%'' marks.(The percent ``%'' is generally used in Yacc specifications as an escape character.).PPIn other words, a full specification file looks like.DSdeclarations%%rules%%programs.DE.PPThe declaration section may be empty.Moreover, if the programs section is omitted, the second %% mark may be omitted also;thus, the smallest legal Yacc specification is.DS%%rules.DE.PPBlanks, tabs, and newlines are ignored exceptthat they may not appear in names or multi-character reserved symbols.Comments may appear wherever a name is legal; they are enclosedin /* . . . */, as in C and PL/I..PPThe rules section is made up of one or more grammar rules.A grammar rule has the form:.DSA  :  BODY  ;.DEA represents a nonterminal name, and BODY represents a sequence of zero or more names and literals.The colon and the semicolon are Yacc punctuation..PPNames may be of arbitrary length, and may be made up of letters, dot ``.'', underscore ``\_'', andnon-initial digits.Upper and lower case letters are distinct.The names used in the body of a grammar rule may represent tokens or nonterminal symbols..PPA literal consists of a character enclosed in single quotes ``\'''.As in C, the backslash ``\e'' is an escape character within literals, and all the C escapesare recognized.Thus.DS\'\en\'	newline\'\er\'	return\'\e\'\'	single quote ``\'''\'\e\e\'	backslash ``\e''\'\et\'	tab\'\eb\'	backspace\'\ef\'	form feed\'\exxx\'	``xxx'' in octal.DEFor a number of technical reasons, the\s-2NUL\s0character (\'\e0\' or 0) should neverbe used in grammar rules..PPIf there are several grammar rules with the same left hand side, the vertical bar ``|''can be used to avoid rewriting the left hand side.In addition,the semicolon at the end of a rule can be dropped before a vertical bar.Thus the grammar rules.DSA	:	B  C  D   ;A	:	E  F   ;A	:	G   ;.DEcan be given to Yacc as.DSA	:	B  C  D	|	E  F	|	G	;.DEIt is not necessary that all grammar rules with the same left side appear together in the grammar rules section,although it makes the input much more readable, and easier to change..PPIf a nonterminal symbol matches the empty string, this can be indicated in the obvious way:.DSempty :   ;.DE.PPNames representing tokens must be declared; this is most simply done by writing.DS%token   name1  name2 . . ..DEin the declarations section.(See Sections 3 , 5, and 6 for much more discussion).Every name not defined in the declarations section is assumed to represent a nonterminal symbol.Every nonterminal symbol must appear on the left side of at least one rule..PPOf all the nonterminal symbols, one, called the.I "start symbol" ,has particular importance.The parser is designed to recognize the start symbol; thus,this symbol represents the largest,most general structure described by the grammar rules.By default,the start symbol is taken to be the left hand side of the firstgrammar rule in the rules section.It is possible, and in fact desirable, to declare the startsymbol explicitly in the declarations section using the %start keyword:.DS%start   symbol.DE.PPThe end of the input to the parser is signaled by a special token, called the.I endmarker .If the tokens up to, but not including, the endmarker form a structurewhich matches the start symbol, the parser function returns to its callerafter the endmarker is seen; it.I acceptsthe input.If the endmarker is seen in any other context, it is an error..PPIt is the job of the user-supplied lexical analyzerto return the endmarker when appropriate; see section 3, below.Usually the endmarker represents some reasonably obvious I/O status, such as ``end-of-file'' or ``end-of-record''.