GCC使用指南

創(chuàng)建時(shí)間：2000-06-08
文章屬性：轉(zhuǎn)載
文章提交：quack (quack_at_xfocus.org)

GCC使用指南

使用語法： 
       gcc [ option | filename ]... 
       g++ [ option | filename ]... 

       其中 option   為 gcc 使用時(shí)的選項(xiàng)(后面會(huì)再詳述)， 
         而 filename 為欲以 gcc 處理的文件 
說明： 
      這 C 與 C++ 的 compiler 已將產(chǎn)生新程序的相關(guān)程序整合起來。產(chǎn) 
      生一個(gè)新的程序需要經(jīng)過四個(gè)階段：預(yù)處理、編譯、匯編,連結(jié)， 
      而這兩個(gè)編譯器都能將輸入的文件做不同階段的處理。雖然原始程序 
     的擴(kuò)展名可用來分辨編寫原始程序碼所用的語言，但不同的 compiler 
      ，其預(yù)設(shè)的處理程序卻各不相同： 

       gcc    預(yù)設(shè)經(jīng)由預(yù)處理過(擴(kuò)展名為.i)的文件為 C 語言，并於程 
              式連結(jié)階段以 C 的連結(jié)方式處理。 

       g++    預(yù)設(shè)經(jīng)由預(yù)處理過(擴(kuò)展名為.i)的文件為 C++ 語言，并於程

序連結(jié)階段以 C++ 的連結(jié)方式處理。 


       原始程序碼的擴(kuò)展名指出所用編寫程序所用的語言，以及相對(duì)應(yīng)的處 
       理方法： 

       .c    C 原始程序                     ；   預(yù)處理、編譯、匯編 
       .C    C++ 原始程序                   ；   預(yù)處理、編譯、匯編 
       .cc   C++ 原始程序                   ；   預(yù)處理、編譯、匯編 
       .cxx  C++ 原始程序                   ；   預(yù)處理、編譯、匯編 
       .m    Objective-C 原始程序           ；   預(yù)處理、編譯、匯編 
       .i    已經(jīng)過預(yù)處理之 C 原始程序    ；   編譯、匯編 
       .ii   已經(jīng)過預(yù)處理之 C++ 原始程序  ；   編譯、匯編 
       .s    組合語言原始程序               ；   匯編 
       .S    組合語言原始程序               ；   預(yù)處理、匯編 
       .h    預(yù)處理文件(標(biāo)頭文件)           ；   (不常出現(xiàn)在指令行) 


       其他擴(kuò)展名的文件是由連結(jié)程序來處理，通常有： 

       .o    Object file 
       .a    Archive file 


       除非編譯過程出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，否則 "連結(jié)" 一定是產(chǎn)生一個(gè)新程序的最 
       後階段。然而你也可以以 -c、-s 或 -E 等選項(xiàng)，將整個(gè)過程自四 
       個(gè)階段中的其中一個(gè)停止。在連結(jié)階段，所有與原始碼相對(duì)應(yīng)的 
       .o 文件、程序庫(kù)、和其他無法自文件名辨明屬性的文件(包括不以 .o 
       為擴(kuò)展名的 object file 以及擴(kuò)展名為 .a 的 archive file)都會(huì) 
       交由連結(jié)程序來處理(在指令行將那些文件當(dāng)作連結(jié)程序的參數(shù)傳給 
       連結(jié)程序)。 


選項(xiàng)： 
       不同的選項(xiàng)必須分開來下：例如 `-dr' 這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就與 `-d -r' 大 
       不相同。 

       絕大部份的 `-f' 及 `-W' 選項(xiàng)都有正反兩種形式：-fname 及 
       -fno-name (或 -Wname 及 -Wno-name)。以下只列出非預(yù)設(shè)的那個(gè) 
       形式。 

       以下是所有選項(xiàng)的摘要。以形式來分類。選項(xiàng)的意義將另辟小節(jié)說 
       明。 

       一般性(概略、常用的)選項(xiàng) 
              -c -S -E -o file -pipe -v -x language 

       程序語言選項(xiàng) 
              -ansi -fall-virtual -fcond-mismatch 
              -fdollars-in-identifiers -fenum-int-equiv 
              -fexternal-templates -fno-asm -fno-builtin 
              -fno-strict-prototype -fsigned-bitfields 
              -fsigned-char -fthis-is-variable 
              -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char 
              -fwritable-strings -traditional -traditional-cpp 
              -trigraphs 

       編譯時(shí)的警告選項(xiàng) 
              -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors -w -W 
              -Wall -Waggregate-return -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual 
              -Wchar-subscript -Wcomment -Wconversion 
              -Wenum-clash -Werror -Wformat -Wid-clash-len 
              -Wimplicit -Winline -Wmissing-prototypes 
              -Wmissing-declarations -Wnested-externs -Wno-import 
              -Wparentheses -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls 
              -Wreturn-type -Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch 
              -Wtemplate-debugging -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs 
              -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings 

       除錯(cuò)選項(xiàng) 
              -a -dletters -fpretend-float -g -glevel -gcoff 
              -gxcoff -gxcoff+ -gdwarf -gdwarf+ -gstabs -gstabs+ 
              -ggdb -p -pg -save-temps -print-file-name=library 
              -print-libgcc-file-name -print-prog-name=program 

       最佳化選項(xiàng) 
              -fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks 
              -fdelayed-branch -felide-constructors 
              -fexpensive-optimizations -ffast-math -ffloat-store 
              -fforce-addr -fforce-mem -finline-functions 
              -fkeep-inline-functions -fmemoize-lookups 
              -fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop 
              -fno-function-cse -fno-inline -fno-peephole 
              -fomit-frame-pointer -frerun-cse-after-loop 
              -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2 
              -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps -funroll-all-loops 
              -funroll-loops -O -O2 

       預(yù)處理選項(xiàng) 
              -Aassertion -C -dD -dM -dN -Dmacro[=defn] -E -H 
              -idirafter dir -include file -imacros file -iprefix 
              file -iwithprefix dir -M -MD -MM -MMD -nostdinc -P 
              -Umacro -undef 

       匯編程序選項(xiàng) 
              -Wa,option 

       連結(jié)程序選項(xiàng) 
              -llibrary -nostartfiles -nostdlib -static -shared 
              -symbolic -Xlinker option -Wl,option -u symbol 

       目錄選項(xiàng) 
              -Bprefix -Idir -I- -Ldir 

       Target Options 
              -b  machine -V version 

       與機(jī)器(平臺(tái))相關(guān)的選項(xiàng) 
              M680x0 Options 
              -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68030 -m68040 -m68881 
              -mbitfield -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield 
              -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float 

              VAX Options 
              -mg -mgnu -munix 

              SPARC Options 
              -mepilogue -mfpu -mhard-float -mno-fpu 
              -mno-epilogue -msoft-float -msparclite -mv8 
              -msupersparc -mcypress 

              Convex Options 
              -margcount -mc1 -mc2 -mnoargcount 

              AMD29K Options 
              -m29000 -m29050 -mbw -mdw -mkernel-registers 
              -mlarge -mnbw -mnodw -msmall -mstack-check 
              -muser-registers 

              M88K Options 
              -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic 
              -mcheck-zero-division -mhandle-large-shift 
              -midentify-revision -mno-check-zero-division 
              -mno-ocs-debug-info -mno-ocs-frame-position 
              -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-serialize-volatile 
              -mno-underscores -mocs-debug-info 
              -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area 
              -mserialize-volatile -mshort-data-num -msvr3 -msvr4 
              -mtrap-large-shift -muse-div-instruction 
              -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs 

              RS6000 Options 
              -mfp-in-toc -mno-fop-in-toc 

              RT Options 
              -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs 
              -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul 
              -mminimum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return 

              MIPS Options 
              -mcpu=cpu type -mips2 -mips3 -mint64 -mlong64 
              -mlonglong128 -mmips-as -mgas -mrnames -mno-rnames 
              -mgpopt -mno-gpopt -mstats -mno-stats -mmemcpy 
              -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mmips-tfile 
              -msoft-float -mhard-float -mabicalls -mno-abicalls 
              -mhalf-pic -mno-half-pic -G num -nocpp 

              i386 Options 
              -m486 -mno-486 -msoft-float -mno-fp-ret-in-387 

              HPPA Options 
              -mpa-risc-1-0 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mkernel -mshared-libs 
              -mno-shared-libs -mlong-calls -mdisable-fpregs 
              -mdisable-indexing -mtrailing-colon 

              i960 Options 
              -mcpu-type -mnumerics -msoft-float 
              -mleaf-procedures -mno-leaf-procedures -mtail-call 
              -mno-tail-call -mcomplex-addr -mno-complex-addr 
              -mcode-align -mno-code-align -mic-compat 
              -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat -masm-compat 
              -mintel-asm -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align 
              -mold-align -mno-old-align 

              DEC Alpha Options 
              -mfp-regs -mno-fp-regs -mno-soft-float -msoft-float 

              System V Options 
              -G -Qy -Qn -YP,paths -Ym,dir 

       Code Generation Options 
              -fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg 
              -finhibit-size-directive -fnonnull-objects 
              -fno-common -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker 
              -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC 
              -freg-struct-returno -fshared-data -fshort-enums 
              -fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global 
              -fverbose-asm 

PRAGMAS 
       Two  `#pragma'  directives  are  supported for GNU C++, to 
       permit using the same header file for two purposes:  as  a 
       definition  of  interfaces to a given object class, and as 
       the full definition of the contents of that object  class. 

       #pragma interface 
              (C++  only.)   Use  this  directive in header files 
              that define object classes, to save space  in  most 
              of  the  object files that use those classes.  Nor- 
              mally, local copies of certain information  (backup 
              copies of inline member functions, debugging infor- 
              mation, and the internal tables that implement vir- 
              tual  functions)  must  be kept in each object file 
              that includes class definitions.  You can use  this 
              pragma  to  avoid  such duplication.  When a header 
              file containing `#pragma interface' is included  in 
              a  compilation, this auxiliary information will not 
              be generated (unless the main input source file it- 
              self  uses `#pragma implementation').  Instead, the 
              object files will contain references to be resolved 
              at link time. 

       #pragma implementation 

       #pragma implementation "objects.h" 
              (C++  only.)  Use this pragma in a main input file, 
              when you want  full  output  from  included  header 
              files  to be generated (and made globally visible). 
              The included  header  file,  in  turn,  should  use 
              `#pragma  interface'.  Backup copies of inline mem- 
              ber functions, debugging information, and  the  in- 
              ternal  tables  used to implement virtual functions 
              are all generated in implementation files. 

              If you use `#pragma implementation' with  no  argu- 
              ment,  it  applies to an include file with the same 
              basename as  your  source  file;  for  example,  in 
              `allclass.cc',  `#pragma  implementation' by itself 
              is   equivalent    to    `#pragma    implementation 
              "allclass.h"'.  Use the string argument if you want 
              a single implementation file to include  code  from 
              multiple header files. 

              There  is no way to split up the contents of a sin- 
              gle header file into multiple implementation files. 

文件說明 
       file.c             C source file 
       file.h             C header (preprocessor) file 
       file.i             經(jīng)預(yù)處理過的 C source file 
       file.C             C++ source file 
       file.cc            C++ source file 
       file.cxx           C++ source file 
       file.m             Objective-C source file 
       file.s             assembly language file 
       file.o             object file