* <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedInputStream</code>.
     * 
     * @param is  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @return the requested character array
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static char[] toCharArray(InputStream is, String encoding)
            throws IOException {
        CharArrayWriter output = new CharArrayWriter();
        copy(is, output, encoding);
        return output.toCharArray();
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of a <code>Reader</code> as a character array.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedReader</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>Reader</code> to read from
     * @return the requested character array
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static char[] toCharArray(Reader input) throws IOException {
        CharArrayWriter sw = new CharArrayWriter();
        copy(input, sw);
        return sw.toCharArray();
    }

    // read toString
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Get the contents of an <code>InputStream</code> as a String
     * using the default character encoding of the platform.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedInputStream</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from
     * @return the requested String
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static String toString(InputStream input) throws IOException {
        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
        copy(input, sw);
        return sw.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of an <code>InputStream</code> as a String
     * using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedInputStream</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @return the requested String
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static String toString(InputStream input, String encoding)
            throws IOException {
        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
        copy(input, sw, encoding);
        return sw.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of a <code>Reader</code> as a String.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedReader</code>.
     * 
     * @param input  the <code>Reader</code> to read from
     * @return the requested String
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    public static String toString(Reader input) throws IOException {
        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
        copy(input, sw);
        return sw.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of a <code>byte[]</code> as a String
     * using the default character encoding of the platform.
     * 
     * @param input the byte array to read from
     * @return the requested String
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs (never occurs)
     * @deprecated Use {@link String#String(byte[])}
     */
    public static String toString(byte[] input) throws IOException {
        return new String(input);
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of a <code>byte[]</code> as a String
     * using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * 
     * @param input the byte array to read from
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @return the requested String
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs (never occurs)
     * @deprecated Use {@link String#String(byte[],String)}
     */
    public static String toString(byte[] input, String encoding)
            throws IOException {
        if (encoding == null) {
            return new String(input);
        } else {
            return new String(input, encoding);
        }
    }

    // readLines
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Get the contents of an <code>InputStream</code> as a list of Strings,
     * one entry per line, using the default character encoding of the platform.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedInputStream</code>.
     *
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from, not null
     * @return the list of Strings, never null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static List readLines(InputStream input) throws IOException {
        InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(input);
        return readLines(reader);
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of an <code>InputStream</code> as a list of Strings,
     * one entry per line, using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedInputStream</code>.
     *
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from, not null
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @return the list of Strings, never null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static List readLines(InputStream input, String encoding) throws IOException {
        if (encoding == null) {
            return readLines(input);
        } else {
            InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(input, encoding);
            return readLines(reader);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get the contents of a <code>Reader</code> as a list of Strings,
     * one entry per line.
     * <p>
     * This method buffers the input internally, so there is no need to use a
     * <code>BufferedReader</code>.
     *
     * @param input  the <code>Reader</code> to read from, not null
     * @return the list of Strings, never null
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static List readLines(Reader input) throws IOException {
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(input);
        List list = new ArrayList();
        String line = reader.readLine();
        while (line != null) {
            list.add(line);
            line = reader.readLine();
        }
        return list;
    }

    // lineIterator
    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Return an Iterator for the lines in a <code>Reader</code>.
     * <p>
     * <code>LineIterator</code> holds a reference to the open
     * <code>Reader</code> specified here. When you have finished with the
     * iterator you should close the reader to free internal resources.
     * This can be done by closing the reader directly, or by calling
     * {@link LineIterator#close()} or {@link LineIterator#closeQuietly(LineIterator)}.
     * <p>
     * The recommended usage pattern is:
     * <pre>
     * try {
     *   LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(reader);
     *   while (it.hasNext()) {
     *     String line = it.nextLine();
     *     /// do something with line
     *   }
     * } finally {
     *   IOUtils.closeQuietly(reader);
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param reader  the <code>Reader</code> to read from, not null
     * @return an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the reader is null
     * @since Commons IO 1.2
     */
    public static LineIterator lineIterator(Reader reader) {
        return new LineIterator(reader);
    }

    /**
     * Return an Iterator for the lines in an <code>InputStream</code>, using
     * the character encoding specified (or default encoding if null).
     * <p>
     * <code>LineIterator</code> holds a reference to the open
     * <code>InputStream</code> specified here. When you have finished with
     * the iterator you should close the stream to free internal resources.
     * This can be done by closing the stream directly, or by calling
     * {@link LineIterator#close()} or {@link LineIterator#closeQuietly(LineIterator)}.
     * <p>
     * The recommended usage pattern is:
     * <pre>
     * try {
     *   LineIterator it = IOUtils.lineIterator(stream, "UTF-8");
     *   while (it.hasNext()) {
     *     String line = it.nextLine();
     *     /// do something with line
     *   }
     * } finally {
     *   IOUtils.closeQuietly(stream);
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param input  the <code>InputStream</code> to read from, not null
     * @param encoding  the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @return an Iterator of the lines in the reader, never null
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the input is null
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs, such as if the encoding is invalid
     * @since Commons IO 1.2
     */
    public static LineIterator lineIterator(InputStream input, String encoding) 
                     throws IOException {
        Reader reader = null;
        if (encoding == null) {
            reader = new InputStreamReader(input);
        } else {
            reader = new InputStreamReader(input, encoding);
        }
        return new LineIterator(reader);
    }

    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    /**
     * Convert the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes
     * using the default character encoding of the platform.
     *
     * @param input the string to convert
     * @return an input stream
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static InputStream toInputStream(String input) {
        byte[] bytes = input.getBytes();
        return new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
    }

    /**
     * Convert the specified string to an input stream, encoded as bytes
     * using the specified character encoding.
     * <p>
     * Character encoding names can be found at
     * <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA</a>.
     *
     * @param input the string to convert
     * @param encoding the encoding to use, null means platform default
     * @throws IOException if the encoding is invalid
     * @return an input stream
     * @since Commons IO 1.1
     */
    public static InputStream toInputStream(String input, String encoding) throws IOException {