Paris   & 1971--1978    &  Mar,Sat  & & &  146 \cr    CERGA   & 1972--1981    &  Mar,Jup,Sat & & &   202 \cr    Santiago    & 1975--1985    &  Ura   & & & 284 & 1063 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent PHOTOGRAPHIC ASTROMETRY OF PLUTO}\noalign {\vskip0.05in}    (Pre-disc)  & 1914--1927 & Pluto & r.a., dec. & 0$\secp $5 & 28 \cr    Lowell  & 1930--1951  & &  & &  620 \cr    Yerkes-McD  & 1930--1953 & & & & 310 \cr    (Nrml pts.) & 1930--1958    & & & &   66 \cr    MacDonald   & 1949--1953   & & & & 56 \cr    Yerkes  & 1962--1963 & & & &   42 \cr    Palomar & 1963--1965    & & & &  8 \cr    Dyer    & 1964--1981  & & & & 44 \cr    Bordeaux    & 1967    & & & &       24 \cr    Asiago  & 1969--1978  & & & &   350 \cr    Torino  & 1973--1982   & & & &   74 \cr    Copenhagen  & 1975--1978    & & & & 150 \cr    Flagstaff   & 1980--1994 &  & &  &  16 \cr    Lick    & 1980--1985 & & & & 56 \cr    La Silla    & 1988--1989   & & & &   58 & 1902 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent CCD ASTROMETRY OF URANUS, NEPTUNE AND PLUTO}\noalign {\vskip0.05in}Flagstaff - USNO & 1995-1996   &  Ura, Nep &    r.a., dec.   & 0$\secp $20 & 313 &  \crFlagstaff - USNO & 1995-1996   &  Plu &    r.a., dec.   & 0$\secp $20 &  63 & \crBordeaux    & 1995    & Plu  &   r.a., dec. &   0$\secp $20  & 13 & 389 \cr\noalign {\vfil \eject}\noalign {\noindent OCCULTATION TIMINGS }   Uranus rings & 1977--1983    &  Ura   &    r.a., dec.   &   0$\secp $14  &      14 \cr   Neptune disk & 1968--1985    &  Nep   &    r.a., dec.   &   0$\secp $27  &      18   & 32 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent RADAR RANGING}\noalign {\vskip0.05in}    Arecibo & 1967--1982    &  Mer,Ven      & range &  10 km & 284 \cr    Haystack    & 1966--1971    &  Mer,Ven  &       &  1.5   & 188 \cr    Goldstone13 & 1964--1970    &  Ven      &       &  1.5   &   9 \cr    Gldstn 13--14& 1970--1977   &  Mer,Ven  &       &  1.5   &  23 \cr    Goldstone14 & 1970--1993    &  Mer,Ven  &       &  1.5   & 376 & 880 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent MARS RADAR--RANGING CLOSURE POINTS}\noalign {\vskip0.05in}    Goldstone14 & 1971--1993    &  Mars     & diff. range      &  1.5   &  65 &  65 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.15 in \noindent RADIO ASTROMETRY OF THERMAL EMISSION  }\noalign {\vskip0.05in}    VLA & 1987   &   Jup, ..., Nep  &    r.a., dec.  &  0$\secp $03--0$\secp $1 & 10 &  10 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent SPACECRAFT MEASUREMENTS}\noalign {\vskip0.05in}    Mariner 9 & 1971--1972      & Mars    &  range     &  35--120 m                 &  629  \cr    Pioneer 10 & 1973           & Jupiter & range      &  3 km                      &    1  \cr    Pioneer 11 & 1974           &         &            & 12 km                      &    1  \cr    Viking Lander  & 1976--1980 & Mars    & range      &    7 m                     & 1018  \cr                   & 1980--1981 &         &            & 12 m                       &  264  \cr    Voyager 1 OD   & 1979       & Jupiter & r.a., dec. & 0$\secp $01, 0$\secp $05    &    2  \cr                   &            &         & range      &  3 km                      &    1  \cr    Voyager 2 OD   & 1979       &         & range      &  3 km                      &    1  \cr    Phobos OD      & 1989       &  Mars   &    range   &     0.5 km                 &    1  \cr    Phobos VLBI    & 1989       &  Mars   & r.a., dec. & 0$\secp $01--0$\secp $1    &    2  \cr    Ulysses VLBI \& OD & 1992   & Jupiter & r.a., dec. & 0$\secp $003, 0$\secp $006  &    2  \cr                       &        &         &    range   &     3 km                   &    1  \cr    Magellan VLBI  & 1990--1994 &   Venus & r.a., dec. &  0$\secp $003--0$\secp $01 &   18  \cr    Galileo OD     & 1995       & Jupiter & r.a., dec. &  0$\secp $05, 0$\secp $2    &    2  \cr                   &            &         & range      &  20 km                     &    1  &  1956  \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent FRAME-TIE DETERMINATION}\noalign {\vskip0.05in}ICRF frame-tie & 1988   & Earth & ${\bf \hat r_\oplus }$, ${\bf \hat h_\oplus }$ &  0$\secp $003 &  6 &  6 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent LUNAR LASER RANGING }\noalign {\vskip0.05in}                          & 1969--1996 & Moon  & range &    2--30 cm &   11218    & 11218  \cr \noalign {\vskip0.10 in \noindent NOMINAL VALUES}&&&&& 1 & 1 \cr    \leaders \hrule \hfill  &&&&&& \leaders \hrule \hfill \cr\noindent TOTAL&&&&&& 42410 \cr}% \vskip0.1 in \hrule \vfil \eject%%  Table:  Residuals of Jupiter for DE405 in right ascension, declination, and range.%\halign{\indent # \hfil & \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil # & # \hfil & \quad \hfil # & # \hfil & \quad \hfil # & # \hfil \cr\noalign {\noindent Table II.  Residuals of Jupiter for DE405 in right ascension,declination, and range. }\noalign{\hrule} \crPioneer 10  & 4 Dec 1973 & & & & & $-$9.1 km & $\pm$ 3.0 km \cr\noalign {\vskip0.05 in}Pioneer 11  & 3 Dec 1974 & & & & & $-$7.8 km & $\pm$ 12.0 km \cr\noalign {\vskip0.05 in}Voyager 1 OD & 5 Mar 1979 & +0\rlap .{\tt "}044 & $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}020 & +0\rlap .{\tt "}155& $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}050 & \$-$2.3 km & $\pm$ 3.0 km \cr\noalign {\vskip0.05 in}Voyager 2 OD & 9 Jul 1979 & & & & & $-$4.7 km & $\pm$ 3.0 km \cr\noalign {\vskip0.05 in}VLA & Apr/May 1983 & $-$0\rlap .{\tt "}025 & $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}030 & $-$0\rlap .{\tt "}133& $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}060 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.05 in}Ulysses VLBI \cr\ \ \ \ \& OD & 8 Feb 1992 & 0\rlap .{\tt "}000 & $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}003 & $-$0\rlap .{\tt "}001& $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}006\ & $-$0.7 km & $\pm$ 3.0 km \cr\noalign {\vskip0.05 in}Galileo OD & 7 Dec 1995 & $-$0\rlap .{\tt "}004 & $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}003 & +0\rlap .{\tt "}006& $\pm$ 0\rlap .{\tt "}006\ & +6.3 km & $\pm$ 3.0 km \cr\noalign {\vskip0.03 in}\noalign{\hrule} \cr}\vskip0.2 in%%  Table:  Primary constants for DE405%\vskip0.3in  Table III.  Primary constants for DE405\vskip0.05in \hrule \vskip0.05in\halign{\indent # \hfil & \hfil # & # \hfil \cr\noalign {JED SPAN : 2305424.50 (1599 Dec 09) to 2525008.50 (2201 Feb 20)} \crAU     &     149597870.691       &      [km/au]            \crCLIGHT &     299792.458          &     [km/sec]            \crEMRAT  &        81.30056         &    [GM(earth)/GM(moon)] \cr}\vskip0.1 in\halign{\indent # \hfil & # \hfil & \hfil # & # \hfil  & \hfil # \cr  & ${\rm {[au^3/day^2]}}$   & ${\lbrack \rm {{GM_{Sun}}}}$&${\rm{/{GM_i}\rbrack}} $   &  ${\rm {[km^3/sec^2]}}$ \cr% & \leaders \hrule \hfill  & \leaders\hrule \hfill & \leaders\hrule \hfill \cr & \hrulefill & \hrulefill & \hrulefill & \hrulefill \crGM1    & 0.4912547451450812...$\times 10^{-10}$ &     6023600&.          &      22032.080... \crGM2    & 0.7243452486162703...$\times 10^{-09}$ &      408523&.71        &     324858.599... \crGM3    & 0.8887692390113509...$\times 10^{-09}$ &      332946&.050895... &      398600.433... \crGM4    & 0.9549535105779258...$\times 10^{-10}$ &     3098708&.       &         42828.314... \crGM5    & 0.2825345909524226...$\times 10^{-06}$ &        1047&.3486   &     126712767.863... \crGM6    & 0.8459715185680659...$\times 10^{-07}$ &        3497&.898    &      37940626.063... \crGM7    & 0.1292024916781969...$\times 10^{-07}$ &       22902&.98      &       5794549.007... \crGM8    & 0.1524358900784276...$\times 10^{-07}$ &       19412&.24      &       6836534.064... \crGM9    & 0.2188699765425970...$\times 10^{-11}$ &   135200000&.        &           981.601... \crGMS    & ${0.01720209895^2}$                    &           1&.        &  132712440017.987... \crGMM    & 0.1093189565989898...$\times 10^{-10}$ &     27068700&.387534... &         4902.801... \crGMB    & 0.8997011346712499...$\times 10^{-09}$ &       328900&.561400  &      403503.233... \cr\noalign{\vskip0.1 in}  & ${\rm [au^3/day^2]}$   & ${\lbrack \rm {{GM_i}}}$&${\rm{/{GM_{Sun}}\rbrack}} $ &  ${\rm [km^3/sec^2]}$ \cr & \hrulefill & \hrulefill & \hrulefill & \hrulefill \crMA0001 & 0.1390787378942278...$\times 10^{-12}$ & 4.7 &$\times 10^{-10}$  &           62.375... \crMA0002 & 0.2959122082855911...$\times 10^{-13}$ & 1.0 &$\times 10^{-10}$  &           13.271... \crMA0004 & 0.3846858707712684...$\times 10^{-13}$ & 1.3 &$\times 10^{-10}$  &           17.253... \cr}\vskip0.1 in \hrule\vfill \eject%%  Table:  DE405 at integration epoch, 2440400.5 (June 28, 1969)%\halign{\indent # \hfil & \hfil $#$ & \hfil $#$ & \hfil $#$ \cr\noalign {\vskip0.2 in \hrule \vskip0.1 in} \cr\noalign {\noindent Table IV.  DE405 positions and velocities at the integration epoch.}\noalign {Heliocentric planets, geocentric moon, solar-system-barycentric sun at JED } \noalign {2440400.5 (June 28, 1969), in au and au/day.}\crMercury &   0.3572602064472754 &  -0.0915490424305184 &  -0.0859810399869404 \cr        &   0.0033678456621938 &   0.0248893428422493 &   0.0129440715867960 \crVenus   &   0.6082494331856039 &  -0.3491324431959005 &  -0.1955443457854069 \cr        &   0.0109524201099088 &   0.0156125067398625 &   0.0063288764517467 \crEM-Bary &   0.1160149091391665 &  -0.9266055536403852 &  -0.4018062776069879 \cr        &   0.0168116200522023 &   0.0017431316879820 &   0.0007559737671361 \crMars    &  -0.1146885824390927 &  -1.3283665308334880 &  -0.6061551894193808 \cr        &   0.0144820048079447 &   0.0002372854923607 &  -0.0002837498361024 \crJupiter &  -5.3842094069921451 &  -0.8312476561610838 &  -0.2250947570335498 \cr        &   0.0010923632912185 &  -0.0065232941911923 &  -0.0028230122672194 \crSaturn  &   7.8898899338228166 &   4.5957107269260122 &   1.5584315167250895 \cr        &  -0.0032172034910937 &   0.0043306322335557 &   0.0019264174637995 \crUranus  & -18.2699008149782607 &  -1.1627115802190469 &  -0.2503695407425549 \cr        &   0.0002215401656274 &  -0.0037676535582462 &  -0.0016532438049224 \crNeptune & -16.0595450919244627 & -23.9429482908794995 &  -9.4004227803540061 \cr        &   0.0026431227915766 &  -0.0015034920807588 &  -0.0006812710048723 \crPluto   & -30.4878221121555448 &  -0.8732454301967293 &   8.9112969841847551 \cr        &   0.0003225621959332 &  -0.0031487479275516 &  -0.0010801779315937 \crMoon    &  -0.0008081773279115 &  -0.0019946300016204 &  -0.0010872626608381 \cr        &   0.0006010848166591 &  -0.0001674454606152 &  -0.0000855621449740 \crSun     &   0.0045025081562339 &   0.0007670747009324 &   0.0002660568051770 \cr        &  -0.0000003517482096 &   0.0000051776253996 &   0.0000022291018544 \cr\noalign {\vskip0.1 in \hrule \vskip0.1 in} \cr}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 1 and 2  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[ht]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig1.ps,scale=0.75}}   \caption{Opposition means of the transit observations: RGO, Herstmonceux (triangles);            RGO, La Palma (stars); Bordeaux (circles); USNO, Washington 6-inch (squares); Tokyo (diamonds).            The error bars correspond to the rms of a single observation.}   \end{figure}   \begin{figure}[ht]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig2.ps,scale=0.75}}   \caption{Opposition means of the transit observations (continued from Figure 1).}   \end{figure}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 3  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[ht]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig3.ps,scale=0.75}}   \caption{Opposition means of USNO Flagstaff (squares) and of Bordeaux (circles).            The error bars correspond to the rms of a single observation.}   \end{figure}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 4  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[ht]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig4.ps,scale=0.80}}   \caption{Radar residuals for Mercury and Venus.  The early observations have been            severely down-weighted.}   \end{figure}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 5  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[t]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig5.ps,scale=0.70}}   \caption{The VLBI residuals of the Magellan Spacecraft orbiting Venus,            plotted with right ascension vs. declination.            The observations are one-dimensional; the 1-$\sigma$ lines            surrounding the solution line are shown.  The Goldstone-Madrid            observations are nearly all in right ascension; the Goldstone-Canberra            observations are about equally divided between r.a. and dec.}   \end{figure} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 6  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[t]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig6.ps,scale=0.65}}   \caption{The residuals of Jupiter: The first two plots show right ascension and declination            residuals of Jupiter, with the large open circles representing, left-to-right,             Voyager 1 (1979.2), VLA (1983.3), Ulysses (1992.1), and Galileo (1995.9), respectively.             Also included are opposition means of transit observations from the RGO, Herstmonceux             (triangles), from the RGO, La Palma (stars), and from the USNO, Washington 6-inch (open squares).              The third plot shows VLBI observations            from the Galileo spacecraft: Goldstone-Canberra observations, indicated by an ``$\times$''            and Goldstone-Madrid observations by a ``+''.  The final plot is identical to the third,            except that both the vertical and horizontal scales have be expanded.}   \end{figure} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 7  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[ht]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig7.ps,scale=0.80}}   \caption{DE403 -- DE405 : Geocentric comparisons for the inner planets.}   \end{figure}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%  Figure 8  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   \begin{figure}[t]   \centerline{\psfig{figure=de405fig8.ps,scale=0.80}}   \caption{DE403 -- DE405 : Heliocentric comparisons for the outer planets.}   \end{figure}\end{document}