/* * SpanDSP - a series of DSP components for telephony * * v29rx.h - ITU V.29 modem receive part * * Written by Steve Underwood <steveu@coppice.org> * * Copyright (C) 2003 Steve Underwood * * All rights reserved. * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. * * $Id: v29rx.h,v 1.45 2007/04/10 16:12:20 steveu Exp $ *//*! \file */#if !defined(_V29RX_H_)#define _V29RX_H_/*! \page v29rx_page The V.29 receiver\section v29rx_page_sec_1 What does it do?The V.29 receiver implements the receive side of a V.29 modem. This can operateat data rates of 9600, 7200 and 4800 bits/s. The audio input is a stream of 16bit samples, at 8000 samples/second. The transmit and receive side of V.29modems operate independantly. V.29 is mostly used for FAX transmission, where itprovides the standard 9600 and 7200 bits/s rates (the 4800 bits/s mode is notused for FAX). \section v29rx_page_sec_2 How does it work?V.29 operates at 2400 baud for all three bit rates. It uses 16-QAM modulation for9600bps, 8-QAM for 7200bps, and 4-PSK for 4800bps. A training sequence is specifiedat the start of transmission, which makes the design of a V.29 receiver relativelystraightforward.The first stage of the training sequence consists of 128symbols, alternating between two constellation positions. The receiver monitorsthe signal power, to sense the possible presence of a valid carrier. When thealternating signal begins, the power rising above a minimum threshold (-26dBm0)causes the main receiver computation to begin. The initial measured power isused to quickly set the gain of the receiver. After this initial settling, thefront end gain is locked, and the adaptive equalizer tracks any subsequentsignal level variation. The signal is oversampled to 24000 samples/second (i.e.signal, zero, zero, signal, zero, zero, ...) and fed to a complex root raisedcosine pulse shaping filter. This filter has been modified from the conventionalroot raised cosine filter, by shifting it up the band, to be centred at the nominalcarrier frequency. This filter interpolates the samples, pulse shapes, and performsa fractional sample delay at the same time. 48 sets of filter coefficients are used toachieve a set of finely spaces fractional sample delays, between zero andone sample. By choosing every fifth sample, and the appropriate set of filtercoefficients, the properly tuned symbol tracker can select data samples at 4800samples/second from points within 1.125 degrees of the centre and mid-points ofeach symbol. The output of the filter is multiplied by a complex carrier, generatedby a DDS. The result is a baseband signal, requiring no further filtering, apart froman adaptive equalizer. The baseband signal is fed to a T/2 adaptive equalizer.A band edge component maximisation algorithm is used to tune the sampling, so the samplesfed to the equalizer are close to the mid point and edges of each symbol. Initiallythe algorithm is very lightly damped, to ensure the symbol alignment pulls inquickly. Because the sampling rate will not be precisely the same as thetransmitter's (the spec. says the symbol timing should be within 0.01%), thereceiver constantly evaluates and corrects this sampling throughout itsoperation. During the symbol timing maintainence phase, the algorithm usesa heavier damping.The carrier is specified as 1700Hz +-1Hz at the transmitter, and 1700 +-7Hz atthe receiver. The receive carrier would only be this inaccurate if the linkincludes FDM sections. These are being phased out, but the design must stillallow for the worst case. Using an initial 1700Hz signal for demodulation givesa worst case rotation rate for the constellation of about one degree per symbol.Once the symbol timing synchronisation algorithm has been given time to lock tothe symbol timing of the initial alternating pattern, the phase of the demodulatedsignal is recorded on two successive symbols - once for each of the constellationpositions. The receiver then tracks the symbol alternations, until a large phase jumpoccurs. This signifies the start of the next phase of the training sequence. At thispoint the total phase shift between the original recorded symbol phase, and thesymbol phase just before the phase jump occurred is used to provide a coarseestimation of the rotation rate of the constellation, and it current absoluteangle of rotation. These are used to update the current carrier phase and phaseupdate rate in the carrier DDS. The working data already in the pulse shapingfilter and equalizer buffers is given a similar step rotation to pull it allinto line. From this point on, a heavily damped integrate and dump approach,based on the angular difference between each received constellation position andits expected position, is sufficient to track the carrier, and maintain phasealignment. A fast rough approximator for the arc-tangent function is adequatefor the estimation of the angular error. The next phase of the training sequence is a scrambled sequence of twoparticular symbols. We train the T/2 adaptive equalizer using this sequence. Thescrambling makes the signal sufficiently diverse to ensure the equalizerconverges to the proper generalised solution. At the end of this sequence, theequalizer should be sufficiently well adapted that is can correctly resolve thefull QAM constellation. However, the equalizer continues to adapt throughoutoperation of the modem, fine tuning on the more complex data patterns of thefull QAM constellation. In the last phase of the training sequence, the modem enters normal dataoperation, with a short defined period of all ones as data. As in most highspeed modems, data in a V.29 modem passes through a scrambler, to whiten thespectrum of the signal. The transmitter should initialise its data scrambler,and pass the ones through it. At the end of the ones, real data begins to passthrough the scrambler, and the transmit modem is in normal operation. Thereceiver tests that ones are really received, in order to verify the modemtrained correctly. If all is well, the data following the ones is fed to theapplication, and the receive modem is up and running. Unfortunately, sometransmit side of some real V.29 modems fail to initialise their scrambler beforesending the ones. This means the first 23 received bits (the length of thescrambler register) cannot be trusted for the test. The receive modem,therefore, only tests that bits starting at bit 24 are really ones. *//* Target length for the equalizer is about 63 taps, to deal with the worst stuff   in V.56bis. */#define V29_EQUALIZER_PRE_LEN   15  /* this much before the real event */#define V29_EQUALIZER_POST_LEN  15  /* this much after the real event */#define V29_EQUALIZER_MASK      63  /* one less than a power of 2 >= (2*V29_EQUALIZER_LEN + 1) */#define V29_RX_FILTER_STEPS     27typedef void (qam_report_handler_t)(void *user_data, const complexf_t *constel, const complexf_t *target, int symbol);/*!    V.29 modem receive side descriptor. This defines the working state for a    single instance of a V.29 modem receiver.*/typedef struct{    /*! \brief The bit rate of the modem. Valid values are 4800, 7200 and 9600. */    int bit_rate;    /*! \brief The callback function used to put each bit received. */    put_bit_func_t put_bit;    /*! \brief A user specified opaque pointer passed to the put_bit routine. */    void *user_data;    /*! \brief A callback function which may be enabled to report every symbol's               constellation position. */    qam_report_handler_t *qam_report;    /*! \brief A user specified opaque pointer passed to the qam_report callback               routine. */    void *qam_user_data;    /*! \brief The route raised cosine (RRC) pulse shaping filter buffer. */    float rrc_filter[2*V29_RX_FILTER_STEPS];    /*! \brief Current offset into the RRC pulse shaping filter buffer. */    int rrc_filter_step;    /*! \brief The register for the data scrambler. */    unsigned int scramble_reg;    /*! \brief The register for the training scrambler. */    uint8_t training_scramble_reg;    /*! \brief The section of the training data we are currently in. */    int training_stage;    int training_cd;    int training_count;    float training_error;    /*! \brief The value of the last signal sample, using the a simple HPF for signal power estimation. */    int16_t last_sample;    /*! \brief >0 if a signal above the minimum is present. It may or may not be a V.29 signal. */    int signal_present;    /*! \brief TRUE if the previous trained values are to be reused. */    int old_train;    /*! \brief The current phase of the carrier (i.e. the DDS parameter). */    uint32_t carrier_phase;    /*! \brief The update rate for the phase of the carrier (i.e. the DDS increment). */    int32_t carrier_phase_rate;    /*! \brief The carrier update rate saved for reuse when using short training. */    int32_t carrier_phase_rate_save;    float carrier_track_p;    float carrier_track_i;        power_meter_t power;    int32_t carrier_on_power;    int32_t carrier_off_power;    float agc_scaling;    float agc_scaling_save;    int constellation_state;    float eq_delta;    /*! \brief The adaptive equalizer coefficients */    complexf_t eq_coeff[V29_EQUALIZER_PRE_LEN + 1 + V29_EQUALIZER_POST_LEN];    complexf_t eq_coeff_save[V29_EQUALIZER_PRE_LEN + 1 + V29_EQUALIZER_POST_LEN];    complexf_t eq_buf[V29_EQUALIZER_MASK + 1];    /*! \brief Current offset into equalizer buffer. */    int eq_step;    int eq_put_step;    int eq_skip;    /*! \brief The current half of the baud. */    int baud_half;    /*! \brief Band edge symbol sync. filter state. */    float symbol_sync_low[2];    float symbol_sync_high[2];    float symbol_sync_dc_filter[2];    float baud_phase;    /*! \brief The total symbol timing correction since the carrier came up.               This is only for performance analysis purposes. */    int total_baud_timing_correction;    /*! \brief Starting phase angles for the coarse carrier aquisition step. */    int32_t start_angles[2];    /*! \brief History list of phase angles for the coarse carrier aquisition step. */    int32_t angles[16];    /*! \brief Error and flow logging control */    logging_state_t logging;} v29_rx_state_t;#ifdef __cplusplusextern "C"{#endif/*! Initialise a V.29 modem receive context.    \brief Initialise a V.29 modem receive context.    \param s The modem context.    \param rate The bit rate of the modem. Valid values are 4800, 7200 and 9600.    \param put_bit The callback routine used to put the received data.    \param user_data An opaque pointer passed to the put_bit routine.    \return A pointer to the modem context, or NULL if there was a problem. */v29_rx_state_t *v29_rx_init(v29_rx_state_t *s, int rate, put_bit_func_t put_bit, void *user_data);/*! Reinitialise an existing V.29 modem receive context.    \brief Reinitialise an existing V.29 modem receive context.    \param s The modem context.    \param rate The bit rate of the modem. Valid values are 4800, 7200 and 9600.    \param old_train TRUE if a previous trained values are to be reused.    \return 0 for OK, -1 for bad parameter */int v29_rx_restart(v29_rx_state_t *s, int rate, int old_train);/*! Release a V.29 modem receive context.    \brief Release a V.29 modem receive context.    \param s The modem context.    \return 0 for OK */int v29_rx_release(v29_rx_state_t *s);/*! Change the put_bit function associated with a V.29 modem receive context.    \brief Change the put_bit function associated with a V.29 modem receive context.    \param s The modem context.    \param put_bit The callback routine used to handle received bits.    \param user_data An opaque pointer. */void v29_rx_set_put_bit(v29_rx_state_t *s, put_bit_func_t put_bit, void *user_data);/*! Process a block of received V.29 modem audio samples.    \brief Process a block of received V.29 modem audio samples.    \param s The modem context.    \param amp The audio sample buffer.    \param len The number of samples in the buffer.    \return The number of samples unprocessed. */int v29_rx(v29_rx_state_t *s, const int16_t amp[], int len);/*! Get a snapshot of the current equalizer coefficients.    \brief Get a snapshot of the current equalizer coefficients.    \param s The modem context.    \param coeffs The vector of complex coefficients.    \return The number of coefficients in the vector. */int v29_rx_equalizer_state(v29_rx_state_t *s, complexf_t **coeffs);/*! Get the current received carrier frequency.    \param s The modem context.    \return The frequency, in Hertz. */float v29_rx_carrier_frequency(v29_rx_state_t *s);/*! Get the current symbol timing correction since startup.    \param s The modem context.    \return The correction. */float v29_rx_symbol_timing_correction(v29_rx_state_t *s);/*! Get the current received signal power.    \param s The modem context.    \return The signal power, in dBm0. */float v29_rx_signal_power(v29_rx_state_t *s);/*! Set the power level at which the carrier detection will cut in    \param s The modem context.    \param cutoff The signal cutoff power, in dBm0. */void v29_rx_signal_cutoff(v29_rx_state_t *s, float cutoff);/*! Set a handler routine to process QAM status reports    \param s The modem context.    \param handler The handler routine.    \param user_data An opaque pointer passed to the handler routine. */void v29_rx_set_qam_report_handler(v29_rx_state_t *s, qam_report_handler_t *handler, void *user_data);#ifdef __cplusplus}#endif#endif/*- End of file ------------------------------------------------------------*/