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<TD borderColor=#6699ff><FONT size=2>您的位置:技術(shù)園地>技術(shù)講座-擴頻通信</FONT></TD></TR>
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<DIV align=center><FONT color=#000080 size=5><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman"><B>第二講
擴展頻譜通信的基本概念</B></SPAN></FONT><FONT size=4></FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
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lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><FONT
size=4><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><FONT
color=#800080><SPAN lang=EN-US><A name="2.1 擴展頻譜通信的定義">2.1
</A></SPAN><A name="2.1 擴展頻譜通信的定義"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">擴展頻譜通信的定義</SPAN></A></FONT></B></FONT><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所謂擴展頻譜通信,可簡單表述如下:<FONT
face=楷體_GB2312
color=#008080>“擴頻通信技術(shù)是一種信息傳輸方<BR>式,其信號所占有的頻帶寬度遠大于所傳信息必需的最小帶寬;頻帶的擴展是通過一個獨立的碼序列來完成,用編碼及調(diào)制的方法來實現(xiàn)的,與所傳信息數(shù)據(jù)無關(guān);在接收端則用同樣的碼進行相關(guān)同步接收、解擴及恢復(fù)所傳信息數(shù)據(jù)”。</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal
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lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這一定義包含了以下三方面的意思:</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><B><FONT
color=#0080c0><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信號的頻譜被展寬了。</SPAN></FONT></B><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我們知道,傳輸任何信息都需要一定的帶寬,稱為信息帶寬。</SPAN></P>
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style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例如人類的語音的信息帶寬為</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">300Hz --- 3400Hz</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,電視圖像信息帶寬為數(shù)</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MHz</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。為了充分利用頻率資源,通常都是盡量采用大體相當(dāng)?shù)膸挼男盘杹韨鬏斝畔ⅰT跓o線電通信中射頻信號的帶寬與所傳信息的帶寬是相比擬的。如用調(diào)幅信號來傳送語音信息,其帶寬為語音信息帶寬的兩倍;電視廣播射頻信號帶寬也只是其視頻信號帶寬的一倍多。這些都屬于窄帶通信。</SPAN></P>
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般的調(diào)頻信號,或脈沖編碼調(diào)制信號,它們的帶寬與信息帶寬之比也只有幾到十幾。擴展頻譜通信信號帶寬與信息帶寬之比則高達</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">100 --- 1000</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,屬于寬帶通信。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">為什么要用這樣寬的頻帶的信號來傳輸信息呢</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">? </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">這樣豈不太浪費寶貴的頻率資源了嗎</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">?</SPAN></P>
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lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <O:P> </O:P></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
color=#0080c0><B>二、</B></FONT></SPAN><FONT color=#0080c0><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">采用擴頻碼序列調(diào)制的方式來展寬信號頻譜。</SPAN></B></FONT><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0; mso-char-indent-size: 12.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我們知道,在時間上有限的信號,其頻譜是無限的。例如很窄的脈沖信號,其頻譜則很寬。信號的頻帶寬度與其持續(xù)時間近似成反比。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">微秒的脈沖的帶寬約為</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1MHz</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。因此,如果用限窄的脈沖序列被所傳信息調(diào)制,則可產(chǎn)生很寬頻帶的信號。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如下面介紹的直接序列擴頻系統(tǒng)就是采用這種方法獲得擴頻信號。這種很窄的脈沖碼序列,其碼速率是很高的,稱為擴頻碼序列。這里需要說明的一點是所采用的擴頻碼序列與所傳信息數(shù)據(jù)是無關(guān)的,也就是說它與一般的正弦載波信號一樣,絲毫不影響信息傳輸?shù)耐该餍浴U頻碼序列僅僅起擴展信號頻譜的作用。</SPAN></P>
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lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
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<B><FONT color=#0080c0>三、在接收端用相關(guān)解調(diào)來解擴</FONT></B></SPAN></P>
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</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正如在一般的窄帶通信中,已調(diào)信號在接收端都要進行解調(diào)來恢復(fù)所傳的信息。在擴頻通信中接收端則用與發(fā)送端相同的擴頻碼序列與收到的擴頻信號進行相關(guān)解調(diào),恢復(fù)所傳的信息。換句話說,這種相關(guān)解調(diào)起到解擴的作用。即把擴展以后的信號又恢復(fù)成原來所傳的信息。這種在發(fā)端把窄帶信息擴展成寬帶信號,而在收端又將其解擴成窄帶信息的處理過程,會帶來一系列好處。弄清楚擴頻和解擴處理過程的機制,是理解擴頻通信本質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵所在。</SPAN></P>
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lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><FONT
color=#800080 size=4><B><SPAN lang=EN-US><A
name="2.2 擴頻通信的理論基礎(chǔ)">2.2<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN></A></SPAN><A name="2.2 擴頻通信的理論基礎(chǔ)"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">擴頻通信的理論基礎(chǔ)</SPAN></A></B></FONT><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">長期以來,人們總是想法使信號所占領(lǐng)譜盡量的窄,以充分利用十分寶貴的頻譜資源。為什么要用這樣寬頻帶的信號來傳送信息呢</SPAN><SPAN
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