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<BLOCKQUOTE>
<H1><NOBR>Java Data Structures</NOBR> <NOBR>(2nd edition)</NOBR></H1>
<P>=A9 1996-2001, Particle</P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<H2><I>Introduction...</I></H2>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=3Djustify> Welcome to <I><B>Java Data=20
Structures</B></I> (2nd edition). This document was created with an =
intent to=20
show people how easy Java really is, and to clear up a few =
<I>things</I> I've=20
missed in the previous release of the document.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> This is a growing document; as =
new=20
features are added to the language, new techniques are discovered or =
realized,=20
this document shall be updated to try to accommodate them all. If you =
have=20
suggestions, or requests, (or spelling/grammar errors) just e-mail =
them, and=20
I'll try to add the suggested topics into the subsequent release. =
Because this=20
document is changing so much, I've decided to implement a version =
number. This=20
release is: <EM>v2.2.11</EM>, updated: <EM>May 7th, 2002</EM>.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> Current release of the document, =
including=20
all the sources, can be downloaded here:</P>
<P align=3Dcenter>[<A =
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/javadata2.zip">download=20
zip with sources and everything</A>]</P>
<P align=3Djustify> Of course, this document is =
free, and I=20
intend to keep it that way. Selling of this document is NOT permitted. =
You=20
<EM>WILL</EM> go to hell if you do (<EM>trust me</EM>). (not that =
anybody=20
would want to buy it...) You may distribute this document (in =
<EM>ANY</EM>=20
form), provided you don't change it. (yes, you CAN include it in a =
book=20
provided you notify me and give me credit <and give me one free =
copy of the=20
book>) To my knowledge, this document has already been reproduced =
and=20
distributed within some corporations, schools and colleges, but has =
yet to be=20
formally published in a book.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> I take no responsibility for=20
<EM>ANYTHING</EM>. I am only responsible for all the good things you =
like=20
about the article. So, remember, if it's bad, don't blame me, if it's =
good,=20
thank me (give me credit).</P>
<P align=3Djustify> All the source has been compiled =
and=20
tested using <EM>JDK v1.2</EM>. Although most things should work =
flawlessly=20
with previous versions, there are things where <EM>JDK 1.2</EM> is =
more=20
appropriate. If you find problems and/or errors, please let me =
know.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> Although this document should be =
read in=20
sequence, it is divided into several major sections, here they =
are:</P>
<P align=3Djustify><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Variables">Variables</=
A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Arrays">Arrays</A><BR>=
<A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Array_Stack">Array=20
Stack</A><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Array_Queue">Array=20
Queue</A><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Array_List">Array=20
List</A><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#The_Vector">The=20
Vector</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Nodes">Nodes</A><BR><B=
R><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Linked_Lists">Linked=20
Lists</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Reusing_Tricks">Reusin=
g=20
Tricks</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Trees">Trees</A><BR><A=
=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Generic_Tree">Generic =
Tree</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Comparing_Objects">Com=
paring=20
Objects</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Binary_Search_Trees">B=
inary=20
Search Trees</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Tree_Traversals">Tree =
Traversals</A><BR><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Node_Pools">Node=20
Pools</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Node_Pool_Nodes">Node =
Pool=20
Nodes</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Node_Pool_Generic_Tree=
s">Node=20
Pool Generic Trees</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Node_Pool_Sort_Trees">=
Node=20
Pool Sort Trees</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Priority_Vectors__etc_=
">Priority=20
Vectors</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Sorting">Sorting</A><B=
R><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Sorting_JDK_1_2_Style"=
>Sorting=20
JDK 1.2 Style</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Sorting_using_Quicksor=
t">Sorting=20
using Quicksort</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Optimizing_Quicksort">=
Optimizing=20
Quicksort</A><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Radix_Sort">Radix=20
Sort</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Improving_Radix_Sort">=
Improving=20
Radix Sort</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Reading_and_Writing_Tr=
ees">Reading=20
and Writing Trees (Serialization)</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Deleting_items_from_a_=
Binary_Search_Tree">Deleting=20
items from a Binary Search Tree</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Determining_Tree_Depth=
">Determining=20
Tree Depth</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Advanced_Linked_Lists"=
>Advanced=20
Linked Lists</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Doubly_Linked_Lists_wi=
th_Enumeration">Doubly=20
Linked Lists (with Enumeration)</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Binary_Space_Partition=
_Trees">Binary=20
Space Partition Trees (BSP)</A><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/javadata_dog3d.html">Binary Space =
Partition=20
Tree DEMO (Dog 3D)</A><BR><A=20
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/javadata_dog3d_2nd.html">Binary =
Space=20
Partition Tree DEMO with Lighting (Dog 3D)</A><BR><BR><B><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Kitchen_Sink_Methods">=
Kitchen=20
Sink Methods</A></B><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Java_Native_Interface"=
>Java=20
Native Interface (JNI)</A><BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Bibliography">Bibliogr=
aphy</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Special_Thanks">Specia=
l=20
Thanks</A><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.theparticle.com/_javadata2.html#Contact_Info">Contact =
Info</A></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<HR SIZE=3D1>
<P align=3Djustify> In contrast to what most people =
think about=20
Java, it being a language with no pointers, data structures are quite =
easy to=20
implement. In this section, I'll demonstrate few basic data structures. =
By=20
learning how easy they are to implement in Java, you'll be able to write =
any=20
implementation yourself.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> I also think that this document is =
a pretty=20
good introduction to <EM><STRONG>Data Structures</STRONG></EM> in =
general. All=20
these concepts can be applied in any programming language. Incidentally, =
most of=20
these programs are ported from their C++ counterparts. So, if you want =
to learn=20
Data Structures in C/C++, you'll still find this document useful! Java =
is an=20
Object Oriented language, but more so than C++, so, most data structure =
concepts=20
are expressed and illustrated <EM>"more naturally"</EM> in Java! =
(<EM>try not to=20
raise your blood pressure from all the caffeine</EM>)</P>
<P align=3Djustify> I suggest that you be familiar =
with Java=20
format, and know some other programming language in advance. =
Coincidentally, I=20
and a couple of my friends are in the process of writing a C language =
book,=20
which deals with all that "start up" stuff.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> The way most examples are executed =
is=20
through the JDK's command line Java interpreter. (at the prompt, you =
just type=20
<CODE>"java"</CODE> and the name of the class to run.)</P>
<HR SIZE=3D1>
<H2><A name=3DVariables><I>Variables...</I></A></H2>
<P align=3Djustify> Variables are the key to any =
program. There=20
are variables called registers inside every CPU (Central Processing =
Unit). Every=20
program ever written uses some form of variables. Believe it or not, the =
way you=20
use variables can significantly impact your program. This section is a =
very=20
simple introduction to what variables are, and how they're used in =
programs.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> Usually, a variable implies a =
memory=20
location to hold one instance of one specific type. What this means is =
that if=20
there is an integer variable, it can only hold one integer, and if there =
is a=20
character variable, it can only hold one character.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> There can be many different types =
of=20
variables, including of your own type. A sample declaration for =
different=20
variable types is given below.</P><PRE><CODE>boolean t;
byte b;
char c;
int i;
long l;</CODE></PRE>
<P align=3Djustify> I believe the above is straight =
forward, and=20
doesn't need much explanation. Variable <CODE>'t'</CODE> is declared as=20
<CODE>boolean</CODE> type, and <CODE>'b'</CODE> as of <CODE>byte</CODE> =
type,=20
etc.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> The above variables are what's =
know as=20
primitive types. Primitive types in Java means that you don't have to =
create=20
them, they're already available as soon as you declare them. (you'll see =
what I=20
mean when we deal with Objects) It also means that there is usually some =
hardware equivalent to these variables. For example, an <CODE>int</CODE> =
type,=20
can be stored in a 32 bit hardware register.</P>
<P align=3Djustify> The other types of variables are =
instances=20
of classes or Objects. Java is a very <EM>Object Oriented</EM> language, =
and=20
everything in it, is an object. An object is an instance of a class. =
Your Java=20
programs consist of classes, in which you manipulate objects, and make =
the whole=20
program do what you want. This concept will be familiar to you if you've =
ever=20
programmed C++, if not, think of objects as structures. An example of a =
simple=20
class would be:</P><PRE><CODE>public class pSimpleObject{
int i;
public pSimpleObject(){
i =3D 0;
}
public int get(){
return i;
}
public void set(int n){
i =3D n;
}
}</CODE></PRE>
<P align=3Djustify> As you can see, first we specify =
that the=20
class is <CODE>public</CODE>, this means that it can be visible to other =
objects=20
outside it's file. We later say that it's a <CODE>class</CODE>, and give =
it's=20
name, which in this case is: <CODE>pSimpleObject</CODE>. Inside of it, =
the class=20
contains an integer named <CODE>'i'</CODE>, and three functions. The =
first=20
function named <CODE>pSimpleObject()</CODE>, is the constructor. It is =
called=20
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