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<html><head> <title>Operating Systems FAQ :: Memory</title> <link rel=stylesheet type="text/css" href="default.css"></head><body><TABLE border="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><H2><A name="what_is_a20">What is the A20 line?</A></H2> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>The A20 line takes a bit of explaining so hang with me please.<P>When the AT was introduced, it was able to access up to sixteen megabytes of memory, but in order to remain compatible with the IBM-XT, due to a quirk in the XT architecture (memory wraparound) had to be duplicated in the AT so things would work the same, the 20th address line on the bus (A20) was turned off so this "wrap-around" effect worked and software from the old XT days continued to work (compatibility was a *B*I*G* issue back then).</P><P>The A20 line is controlled by the keyboard controller unit. Which is usually a derivative of the 8042 chip.</P> </TD> </TR></TABLE><P> </P><TABLE border="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><H2><A name="access_my_memory">Why can't I access all my memory! I have 128mb and can only use 1mb?</A></H2> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>The main reason you can't access all your memory (or only "odd" megabytes) is because you need to enable the A20 line on your bus. (For an explanation of the A20 line, see <A href="#what_is_a20">What is the A20 line?</A> </TD> </TR></TABLE><P> </P><TABLE border="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><H2><A name="enable_a20">How do I enable the A20 line?</A></H2> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>To enable the A20 line, you have to use some hardware IO using the Keyboard Controller chip (8042 chip) and enable it. Good documentation exists for the 8042 chip but here is my source for enabling the A20 in C code.<P>The flow chart for this is;</P> <OL> <LI>Disable interrupts <LI>Wait until the keyboard buffer is empty <LI>Send command to disable the keyboard <LI>Wait until the keyboard buffer is empty <LI>Send command to read output port <LI>Wait until the keyboard buffer is empty <LI>Save byte from input port <LI>Wait until the keyboard buffer is empty <LI>Send command Write output port <LI>Wait until the keyboard buffer is empty <LI>Send saved byte OR by 2 (GATE A20 to ON) <LI>Wait until the keyboard buffer is empty <LI>Enable the keyboard <LI>Enable interrupts</LI> </OL><P>Here is my C source;</P> <PRE>/* Init the A20 by Dark Fiber */void init_A20(void){ UCHAR a; disable_ints(); kyb_wait_until_done(); kyb_send_command(0xAD); // disable keyboard kyb_wait_until_done(); kyb_send_command(0xD0); // Read from input kyb_wait_until_done(); a=kyb_get_data(); kyb_wait_until_done(); kyb_send_command(0xD1); // Write to output kyb_wait_until_done(); kyb_send_data(a|2); kyb_wait_until_done(); kyb_send_command(0xAE); // enable keyboard enable_ints();} </PRE> <p>Or in ASM if you wish <pre>;;;; NASM 32bit assembler;;[bits 32][section .text]enable_A20: cli call a20wait mov al,0xAD out 0x64,al call a20wait mov al,0xD0 out 0x64,al call a20wait2 in al,0x60 push eax call a20wait mov al,0xD1 out 0x64,al call a20wait pop eax or al,2 out 0x60,al call a20wait mov al,0xAE out 0x64,al call a20wait reta20wait:.l0: mov ecx,65536.l1: in al,0x64 test al,2 jz .l2 loop .l1 jmp .l0.l2: reta20wait2:.l0: mov ecx,65536.l1: in al,0x64 test al,1 jnz .l2 loop .l1 jmp .l0.l2: ret </pre> </TD> </TR></TABLE><P> </P><TABLE border="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><H2><A name="determine_memory">How do I determine RAM size?</A></H2> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Determining how much memory you have is one of the first things that most people implement in their kernel. In the "old" days of operating systems this was very easy as few people had more than 64mb of memory.<P>Why did I mention 64mb of memory? Because that's all the CMOS can hold up to 99mb values. When you encounter machines with 128mb what are you going to do? There are some functions in the BIOS for memory handling. The first set of calls supported by all BIOS only returns what is in the CMOS, thus making it irrelevant. There is some more advanced calls but are not guaranteed to be in every BIOS you encounter, and since not every machine supports it, means its also not what we want. Two other methods people use are directly probing memory, and using your motherboard chipset registers to determine memory. The only drawback with the later methos is you must know what kind of chipset the user has on his motherboard....</P><P>I prefer to directly probe memory at every 1mb interval and test for memory that way.</P><P>Something to note, not that you may need to know, is that on old machines (maybe even new ones), it is possible to have less than 640kb base memory and still have extended memory beyond the 1mb mark. But in today's machines where most people have single 64mb DIMM's, you wont come across this.</P> </TD> </TR></TABLE><P> </P><TABLE border="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><H2><A name="determine_memory_bios">How do I determine RAM size with BIOS?</A></H2> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>You can determine RAM size with the BIOS via two different calls.<P>The first call is built in nearly every BIOS, the later call is only contained within newer BIOS's</P> <PRE>(from Ralf Brown's Interrupt Listing)--------B-1588-------------------------------INT 15 - SYSTEM - GET EXTENDED MEMORY SIZE (286+) AH = 88h Return: CF clear if successful AX = number of contiguous KB starting at absolute address 100000h CF set on error AH = status 80h invalid command (PC,PCjr) 86h unsupported function (XT,PS30) </PRE><P>Notes: TSRs which wish to allocate extended memory to themselves often hook this call, and return a reduced memory size. They are then free to use the memory between the new and old sizes at will.</P><P>the standard BIOS only returns memory between 1MB and 16MB; use AH=C7h for memory beyond 16MB not all BIOSes correctly return the carry flag, making this call unreliable unless one first checks whether it is supported through a mechanism other than calling the function and testing CF</P><P>SeeAlso:AH=87h,AH=8Ah"Phoenix",AH=C7h,AX=DA88h,AX=E801h,AX=E820h</P> <PRE>--------b-15E820-----------------------------INT 15 - newer BIOSes - GET SYSTEM MEMORY MAP AX = E820h EAX = 0000E820h EDX = 534D4150h ('SMAP') EBX = continuation value or 00000000h to start at beginning of map ECX = size of buffer for result, in bytes (should be >= 20 bytes) ES:DI -> buffer for result (see #00560) Return: CF clear if successful EAX = 534D4150h ('SMAP') ES:DI buffer filled EBX = next offset from which to copy or 00000000h if all done ECX = actual length returned in bytes CF set on error AH = error code (86h) (see #00475 at INT 15/AH=80h) </PRE><P>Notes: originally introduced with the Phoenix BIOS v4.0, this function is now supported by most newer BIOSes, since various versions of Windows call it to find out about the system memory a maximum of 20 bytes will be transferred at one time, even if ECX is higher; some BIOSes (e.g. Award Modular BIOS v4.50PG) ignore the value of ECX on entry, and always copy 20 bytes some BIOSes expect the high word of EAX to be clear on entry, I.e. EAX=0000E820h</P><P>if this function is not supported, an application should fall back to AX=E802h, AX=E801h, and then AH= 88h the BIOS is permitted to return a nonzero continuation value in EBX and indicate that the end of the list has already been reached by returning with CF set on the next iteration this function will return base memory and ISA/PCI memory contiguous with base memory as normal memory ranges; it will indicate chipset-defined address holes which are not in use and motherboard memory-mapped devices, and all occurrences of the system BIOSasreserved;standardPCaddressrangeswillnotbereported</P><P>SeeAlso:AH=C7h,AX=E801h"Phoenix",AX=E881h,MEM xxxxh:xxx0h"ACPI"</P> <PRE>Format of Phoenix BIOS system memory map address range descriptor:Offset Size Description (Table 00559) 00h QWORD base address 08h QWORD length in bytes 10h DWORD type of address range (see #00560)(Table 00560)Values for System Memory Map address type: 01h memory, available to OS 02h reserved, not available (e.g. system ROM, memory-mapped device) 03h ACPI Reclaim Memory (useable by OS after reading ACPI tables) 04h ACPI NVS Memory (OS is required to save this memory between NVS sessions) other not defined yet -- treat as Reserved SeeAlso: #00559 </PRE> </TD> </TR></TABLE><P> </P><TABLE border="0" width="100%"> <TR> <TD><H2><A name="determine_memory_probe">How do I determine RAM size with direct probing?</A></H2> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Directly probing memory, being a method that does not rely on the BIOS makes it more portable than one that does rely on the BIOS. Depending on how its coded, may or may not take into account holes in system memory (15/16mb mark ala OS/2) or memory mapped devices like frame buffering SVGA cards, etc. <PRE> /* * void count_memory (void) * * probes memory above 1mb * * last mod : 05sep98 - stuart george * 08dec98 - "" "" * 21feb99 - removed dummy calls * */void count_memory(void){ register ULONG *mem; ULONG mem_count, a; USHORT memkb; UCHAR irq1, irq2; ULONG cr0; /* save IRQ's */ irq1=inb(0x21); irq2=inb(0xA1); /* kill all irq's */ outb(0x21, 0xFF); outb(0xA1, 0xFF); mem_count=0; memkb=0; // store a copy of CR0 __asm__ __volatile("movl %%cr0, %%eax":"=a"(cr0))::"eax"); // invalidate the cache // write-back and invalidate the cache __asm__ __volatile__ ("wbinvd"); // plug cr0 with just PE/CD/NW // cache disable(486+), no-writeback(486+), 32bit mode(386+) __asm__ __volatile__("movl %%eax, %%cr0", :: "a" (cr0 | 0x00000001 | 0x40000000 | 0x20000000) : "eax"); do { memkb++; mem_count+=1024*1024; mem=(ULONG*)mem_count; a=*mem; *mem=0x55AA55AA; // the empty asm calls tell gcc not to rely on whats in its registers // as saved variables (this gets us around GCC optimisations) asm("":::"memory"); if(*mem!=0x55AA55AA) mem_count=0; else { *mem=0xAA55AA55; asm("":::"memory"); if(*mem!=0xAA55AA55) mem_count=0; } asm("":::"memory"); *mem=a; }while(memkb<4096 && mem_count!=0); __asm__ __volatile__("movl %%eax, %%cr0", :: "a" (cr0) : "eax"); mem_end=memkb<<20; mem=(ULONG*)0x413; bse_end=((*mem)&0xFFFF)<<6; outb(0x21, irq1); outb(0xA1, irq2);} </PRE> </TD> </TR></TABLE></body></html>?? 快捷鍵說(shuō)明
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