</dd><dt><tt class="literal">-b</tt>[<tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></tt>]</dt><dd>Delete <em class="emphasis">n</em></tt> characters from beginning of each line or, if <em class="emphasis">n</em></tt> isn't specified, delete characters until each linehas the length specified by <tt class="literal">-l</tt>.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-c</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">m</em></tt></dt><dd>Use character <em class="emphasis">m</em></tt> (instead of a space)when padding lines with <tt class="literal">-a</tt> or <tt class="literal">-p</tt>;<tt class="literal">-c</tt> must precede <tt class="literal">-a</tt> or <tt class="literal">-p</tt>.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-e</tt>[<tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></tt>]</dt><dd>Same as <tt class="literal">-b</tt>, but delete from the end.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-f</tt></dt><dd>Display <em class="emphasis">tabspec</em></tt> format used by last <tt class="literal">-o</tt> option.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-i</tt><tt class="literal">'</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">tabspec</em></tt><tt class="literal">'</tt></dt><dd>Expand tabs to spaces using <em class="emphasis">tabspec</em></tt> conversion(default is 8 spaces); <em class="emphasis">tabspec</em></tt> is one of the options listed under <b class="emphasis-bold">tabs</b>.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-l</tt>[<tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></tt>]</dt><dd>Use line length <em class="emphasis">n</em></tt> (default is 72).  If <tt class="literal">-l</tt> is not specified, default line length is 80.<tt class="literal">-l</tt> usually precedes other options that modify line length(<tt class="literal">-a</tt>, <tt class="literal">-b</tt>, <tt class="literal">-c</tt>, <tt class="literal">-e</tt>, or <tt class="literal">-p</tt>).</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-o</tt><tt class="literal">'</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">tabspec</em></tt><tt class="literal">'</tt></dt><dd>Turn spaces into tabs using <em class="emphasis">tabspec</em></tt> conversion.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-p</tt>[<tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></tt>]</dt><dd>Same as <tt class="literal">-a</tt>, but pad beginning of line.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-s</tt></dt><dd>Strip leading characters from each line (up to and including first tab);the first seven characters are moved to the end of the line (without the tab).  All lines must contain at least one tab.</p></dd></dl><h4 class="refsect2">Example</h4><p>Remove sequence numbers from a COBOL program:</p><blockquote><pre class="code"><tt class="userinput"><b>newform -l1 -b7</b></tt> <tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>file</tt></em></tt></pre></blockquote></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="newgrp">newgrp</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">newgrp</tt> [<tt class="literal">-</tt>] [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>group</tt></em></tt>]</p><p><a name="IXT-B-121678" /><a name="IXT-B-121679" /><a name="IXT-B-121680" />Log in to <em class="emphasis">group</em></tt>.If <em class="emphasis">group</em></tt> name is not specified, your original group is reinstated.If <tt class="literal">-</tt> is given, log in using the sameenvironment as when logging in as <em class="emphasis">group</em></tt>.Solaris allows <tt class="literal">-l</tt> as well as <tt class="literal">-</tt>.</p><p>This command is also built in to the Bourne and Korn shells.On modern Unix systems that allow users to simultaneously be inmultiple groups, this command is obsolete.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="news">news</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">news</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em></tt>] [<tt><em class="replaceable">item_files</tt></em></tt>]</p><p><a name="IXT-B-121681" /><a name="IXT-B-121682" /><a name="IXT-B-121683" />Consult the news directory for information on current events.With no arguments, <tt class="literal">news</tt> prints all current <em class="emphasis">item_files</em></tt>.Items usually reside in <tt class="literal">/usr/news</tt> or <tt class="literal">/var/news</tt>.</p><p>Note: this command is not related to Usenet news.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><tt class="literal">-a</tt></dt><dd>Print all news items, whether current or not.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-n</tt></dt><dd>Print names of news items, but not their contents.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-s</tt></dt><dd>Report the number of current news items.</p></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="notify">notify</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">notify</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>options</tt></em>]</p><p><a name="IXT-B-121684" /><a name="IXT-B-121685" /><a name="IXT-B-121686" />Inform user when new mail arrives.  With no options, indicate whetherautomatic notification is enabled or disabled.</p><p>Note: this command is part of the UPAS mailing system software.Commercial Unix systems all use <tt class="literal">sendmail</tt>,thus, this command isn't applicable.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><tt class="literal">-m</tt> <tt><em class="replaceable">file</em></tt></dt><dd>Save mail messages to <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt> (default is <tt class="literal">$HOME/.mailfile</tt>).Applies only when automatic notification is enabled (<tt class="literal">-y</tt> option).</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-n</tt></dt><dd>Disable mail notification.  <tt class="literal">-n</tt> is used alone.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-y</tt></dt><dd>Enable mail notification.</p></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="openwin">openwin</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">/usr/openwin/bin/openwin</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</tt></em></tt>]</p><p><a name="IXT-B-121687" />Start the OpenWindows graphical user interface environment.This environment is now considered obsolete; the preferred environmentis CDE (the Common Desktop Environment), and OpenWindows will notbe supported past Solaris 7.See also <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="ch02_01.htm#cde">cde</a></b> in <a href="ch02_01.htm">Chapter 2</a>.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Useful OpenWindows Commands</h4><p>The following OpenWindows commands may be of interest.Look at the manpages for more information:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">calctool</tt></td><td><p>On-screen scientific calculator</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">clock</tt></td><td><p>Clock</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cm</tt></td><td><p>Calendar manager</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">cmdtool</tt></td><td><p>Terminal emulator</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">iconedit</tt></td><td><p>Icon editor</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">mailtool</tt></td><td><p>Mail reader</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">oclock</tt></td><td><p>A round clock</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">pageview</tt></td><td><p>PostScript viewer</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">perfmeter</tt></td><td><p>System-performance meter</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">printtool</tt></td><td><p>Print manager</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">shelltool</tt></td><td><p>Another terminal emulator (respects <tt class="literal">stty</tt> settings)</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">snapshot</tt></td><td><p>Saves portions of X display</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">textedit</tt></td><td><p>Simple text editor</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xbiff</tt></td><td><p>Graphical mail arrival watchdog program</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xcalc</tt></td><td><p>Simple on-screen calculator</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xditview</tt></td><td><p>Device-independent <tt class="literal">troff</tt> output viewer</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xedit</tt></td><td><p>Simple text editor</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xhost</tt></td><td><p>Controls permissions for who can connect to display</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xload</tt></td><td><p>System load monitor</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xlock</tt></td><td><p>Screen saver/locker</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xmag</tt></td><td><p>Magnifies portions of the display</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xman</tt></td><td><p>Viewer for manpages</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">xterm</tt></td><td><p>Standard X Window system terminal emulator</p></td></tr></table><p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="pack">pack</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">pack</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em></tt>] <tt><em class="replaceable">files</tt></em></tt></p><p><a name="IXT-B-121688" /><a name="IXT-B-121689" /><a name="IXT-B-121690" /><a name="IXT-B-121691" />Compact each <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt> and place the result in <em class="emphasis">file</em></tt><tt class="literal">.z</tt>.  Theoriginal file is replaced.  To restore packed <em class="emphasis">files</em></tt> to theiroriginal form, see <b class="emphasis-bold">pcat</b> and <b class="emphasis-bold">unpack</b>.</p><p>The <tt class="literal">compress</tt> and <tt class="literal">gzip</tt> commandsgive much better compression.  Their use is recommended.(See <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="ch02_01.htm#compress">compress</a></b>and <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="ch02_01.htm#gzip">gzip</a></b> in <a href="ch02_01.htm">Chapter 2</a>.)</p><h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><tt class="literal">-</tt></dt><dd>Print number of times each byte is used, relative frequency, and bytecode.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-f</tt></dt><dd>Force the <tt class="literal">pack</tt> even when disk space isn't saved.</p></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="pcat">pcat</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">pcat</tt> <tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>files</tt></em></tt></p><p><a name="IXT-B-121692" /><a name="IXT-B-121693" /><a name="IXT-B-121694" />Display (as with <tt class="literal">cat</tt>) one or more packed <em class="emphasis">files</em></tt>.See also <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="#pack">pack</a></b> and <b><a href="#unpack">unpack</a></b>.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="pg">pg</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">pg</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em></tt>] [<tt><em class="replaceable">files</tt></em></tt>]</p><p><a name="IXT-B-121695" /><a name="IXT-B-121696" /><a name="IXT-B-121697" />Display the named <em class="emphasis">files</em></tt> on a terminal, one page at a time.  After each screen is displayed, you are prompted to display the next pageby pressing the Return key.Press <tt class="literal">h</tt> for help with additional commands; press <tt class="literal">q</tt> to quit.See also <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="ch02_01.htm#more">more</a></b> in <a href="ch02_01.htm">Chapter 2</a>.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Options</h4><dl><dt><tt class="literal">-c</tt></dt><dd>Clear screen (same as <tt class="literal">-c</tt> of <tt class="literal">more</tt>).</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-e</tt></dt><dd>Do not pause between files.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-f</tt></dt><dd>Do not split long lines.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-n</tt></dt><dd>Issue a <tt class="literal">pg</tt> command at the promptwithout waiting for a carriage return(<tt class="literal">more</tt> works this way).</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-p</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">str</em></tt></dt><dd>Use string <em class="emphasis">str</em></tt> for the command prompt.  The special variable <tt class="literal">%d</tt>displays the page number.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-r</tt></dt><dd>Restricted mode; shell escapes aren't allowed.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-s</tt></dt><dd>Display messages in standout mode (reverse video).</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">-</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">n</em></tt></dt><dd>Use <em class="emphasis">n</em></tt> lines for each window (default is a full screen).</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">+</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">num</em></tt></dt><dd>Begin displaying at line number <em class="emphasis">num</em></tt>.</p></dd><dt><tt class="literal">+/</tt><tt><em class="replaceable">pat</em></tt></dt><dd>Begin displaying at first line containing pattern <em class="emphasis">pat</em></tt>.</p></dd></dl><h4 class="refsect2">Example</h4><blockquote><pre class="code"><tt class="userinput"><b>pg -p 'Page %d :' </b></tt><tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>file</tt></em></tt></pre></blockquote></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name="red">red</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">red</tt> [<tt><em class="replaceable"><tt>options</em></tt>] [<tt><em class="replaceable">file</tt></em></tt>]</p><p><a name="IXT-B-121698" /><a name="IXT-B-121699" /><a name="IXT-B-121700" /><a name="IXT-B-121701" />Restricted version of <tt class="literal">ed</tt>.  With <tt class="literal">red</tt>, only files in thecurrent working directory can be edited.  Shell commands using <tt class="literal">!</tt>