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<html><head><title>Alphabetical Summary of Requests (UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition)</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../style/style1.css" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Arnold Robbins" /><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/xml" scheme="MIME" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="en-US" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc." /><meta name="DC.Source" scheme="ISBN" content="1-56592-427-4" /><meta name="DC.Subject.Keyword" content="stuff" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="UNIX in a Nutshell: System V Edition" /><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Monograph" /></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff"><img src="gifs/smbanner.gif" usemap="#banner-map" border="0" alt="Book Home" /><map name="banner-map"><area shape="rect" coords="1,-2,616,66" href="index.htm" alt="Book Title" /><area shape="rect" coords="629,-11,726,25" href="jobjects/fsearch.htm" alt="Search this book" /></map><div class="navbar"><table width="684" border="0"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch12_05.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtpreva.gif" alt="Previous" border="0" /></a></td><td align="center" valign="top" width="228" /><td align="right" valign="top" width="228"><a href="ch12_07.htm"><img src="../gifs/txtnexta.gif" alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td></tr></table></div><h2 class="sect1">12.6. Alphabetical Summary of Requests</h2><table border="1" cellpadding="5"><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ab">.ab</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ab</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>text</tt></em>]</p><p>Abort and print <em class="emphasis">text</em> as message. If <em class="emphasis">text</em> is notspecified, the message <tt class="literal">User Abort</tt> is printed.<a name="IXT-12-123395" /><a name="IXT-12-123396" /><a name="IXT-12-123397" /></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ad">.ad</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ad</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>c</tt></em>]</p><p>Adjust output lines according to format <em class="emphasis">c</em>. Fill mode mustbe on (see <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="#.fi">.fi</a></b>).With no argument, same as <tt class="literal">.ad 1</tt>.The current adjustment mode isstored in register <tt class="literal">.j</tt>, with the following values:0=<tt class="literal">l</tt>,1=<tt class="literal">b</tt>,3=<tt class="literal">c</tt>,5=<tt class="literal">r</tt>(see <b class="emphasis-bold"><a href="#.na">.na</a></b>).</p><h4 class="refsect2">Values for c</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">b</tt></td><td><p>Lines are justified.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">n</tt></td><td><p>Lines are justified.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">c</tt></td><td><p>Lines are centered.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">l</tt></td><td><p>Lines are flush left.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">r</tt></td><td><p>Lines are flush right.</p></td></tr></table><p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".af">.af</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.af</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>r c</tt></em></p><p>Assign format <em class="emphasis">c</em> to register <em class="emphasis">r</em>.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Values for c</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="3"><tr><td><tt class="literal">1</tt></td><td><p>0, 1, 2, etc.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">001</tt></td><td><p>000, 001, 002, etc.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">i</tt></td><td><p>Lowercase roman numerals.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">I</tt></td><td><p>Uppercase roman numerals. </p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">a</tt></td><td><p>Lowercase alphabetic.</p></td></tr><tr><td><tt class="literal">A</tt></td><td><p>Uppercase alphabetic.</p></td></tr></table><p><h4 class="refsect2">Example</h4><p>Paginate front matter using the <em class="emphasis">ms</em> macros:</p><blockquote><pre class="code">.af PN i <i class="lineannotation">Set page number register PN to i</i></pre></blockquote></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".am">.am</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.am</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>xx</em> [<em class="replaceable">yy</tt></em>]</p><p>Take the requests (etc.) that follow and append them to the definition of macro <em class="emphasis">xx</em>;end the append at call of <tt class="literal">.</tt><em class="emphasis">yy</em>(or <tt class="literal">..</tt>, if <em class="emphasis">yy</em> is omitted).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".as">.as</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.as</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>xx string</tt></em></p><p>Append <em class="emphasis">string</em> to string register <em class="emphasis">xx</em>. <em class="emphasis">string</em> maycontain spaces and is terminated by a newline. An initial quote(<tt class="literal">"</tt>)is ignored.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".bd">.bd</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.bd</tt> [<tt class="literal">s</tt>] <em class="replaceable"><tt>f n</tt></em></p><p>Overstrike characters in font <em class="emphasis">f</em> <em class="emphasis">n</em> times.If <tt class="literal">s</tt> is specified, overstrike characters in special font<em class="emphasis">n</em> times when font <em class="emphasis">f</em> is in effect.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".bp">.bp</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.bp</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em>]</p><p>Begin new page. Number next page <em class="emphasis">n</em>.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".br">.br</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.br</tt></p><p>Break to a newline (output partial line).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".c2">.c2</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.c2</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>c</tt></em></p><p>Use <em class="emphasis">c</em> (instead of <tt class="literal">'</tt>) as the no-break control character.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".cc">.cc</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.cc</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>c</tt></em></p><p>Use <em class="emphasis">c</em> (instead of <tt class="literal">.</tt>) as the control character to introduce requests and macros.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ce">.ce</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ce</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em>]</p><p>Center next <em class="emphasis">n</em> lines (default is 1); if <em class="emphasis">n</em> is 0, stop centering. <em class="emphasis">n</em> applies only to lines containing output text. Blank lines don't count.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".cf">.cf</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.cf</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>file</tt></em></p><p>Copy contents of <em class="emphasis">file</em> into output and don'tinterpret (<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> only).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ch">.ch</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ch</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>xx</em> [<em class="replaceable">n</tt></em>]</p><p>Change trap position for macro <em class="emphasis">xx</em> to <em class="emphasis">n</em>.If <em class="emphasis">n</em> is absent, remove the trap.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".cs">.cs</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.cs</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>f n m</tt></em></p><p>Use constant spacing for font <em class="emphasis">f</em>.Constant character width is <em class="emphasis">n</em>/36ems. If <em class="emphasis">m</em> is given, the em is taken to be <em class="emphasis">m</em> points.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Example</h4><blockquote><pre class="code">.cs CW 18 <i class="lineannotation">squeeze spacing of constant-width font</i></pre></blockquote></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".cu">.cu</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.cu</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em>]</p><p>Continuous underline (including interword spaces) on next <em class="emphasis">n</em> lines. If <em class="emphasis">n</em> is 0, stop underlining.Use <tt class="literal">.ul</tt> to underline visible characters only.Underline font can be switched in <tt class="literal">troff</tt> with <tt class="literal">.uf</tt> request.In <tt class="literal">troff</tt>, <tt class="literal">.cu</tt> and <tt class="literal">.ul</tt> produce italics(you must use a macro to underline).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".da">.da</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.da</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>xx</tt></em>]</p><p>Divert following text and append it to macro <em class="emphasis">xx</em>. If noargument, end the diversion.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".de">.de</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.de</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>xx </em>[<em class="replaceable">yy</tt></em>]</p><p>Define macro <em class="emphasis">xx</em>. End definition at call of <tt class="literal">.</tt><em class="emphasis">yy</em> (or <tt class="literal">..</tt>, if <em class="emphasis">yy</em> is omitted).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".di">.di</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.di</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>xx</tt></em>]</p><p>Divert following text into a newly defined macro <em class="emphasis">xx</em>.If no argument, end the diversion.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ds">.ds</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ds</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>xx string</tt></em></p><p>Define <em class="emphasis">xx</em> to contain <em class="emphasis">string</em>. An initial quote (<tt class="literal">"</tt>) is ignored.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".dt">.dt</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.dt</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>n xx</tt></em></p><p>Install diversion trap at position <em class="emphasis">n</em>, within diversion, to invoke macro <em class="emphasis">xx</em>.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ec">.ec</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ec</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>c</tt></em>]</p><p>Set escape character to <em class="emphasis">c</em>. Default is <tt class="literal">\</tt>.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".el">.el</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.el</tt></p><p>Else portion of <em class="emphasis">if-else</em> (see <tt class="literal">.ie</tt> below).</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".em">.em</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.em</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>xx</tt></em></p><p>Set end macro to be <em class="emphasis">xx</em>. <em class="emphasis">xx</em> is executed automaticallywhen all other output complete.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".eo">.eo</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.eo</tt></p><p>Turn escape character mechanism off. All escape characters areprinted literally.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ev">.ev</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ev</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>n</tt></em>]</p><p>Change environment to <em class="emphasis">n</em>. For example, many requests that affect horizontal position, hyphenation, or text adjustment are stored in the current environment. If <em class="emphasis">n</em> is omitted, restore previous environment.The initial value of <em class="emphasis">n</em> is 0, and 0 <img src="figs/le.gif" alt="Figure " /> <em class="emphasis">n</em> <img src="figs/le.gif" alt="Figure " /> 2.You must return to the previous environment by using <tt class="literal">.ev</tt> with no argument, or you will get a stack overflow.(<tt class="literal">ditroff</tt> simply ignores an invalid argument and issues a warning.)</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ex">.ex</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ex</tt></p><p>Exit from the formatter and perform no further text processing. Typicallyused with <tt class="literal">.nx</tt> for form-letter generation.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".fc">.fc</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.fc</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>a b</tt></em></p><p>Set field delimiter to <em class="emphasis">a</em> and pad character to <em class="emphasis">b</em>. </p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".fi">.fi</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.fi</tt></p><p>Turn on fill mode, the inverse of <tt class="literal">.nf</tt>. Default is on.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".fl">.fl</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.fl</tt></p><p>Flush output buffer. Useful for interactive debugging.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".fp">.fp</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.fp</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>n f</tt></em></p><p>Assign font <em class="emphasis">f</em> to position <em class="emphasis">n</em>. <em class="emphasis">n</em> ranges from1 to 4 in <tt class="literal">otroff</tt> and from 1 to 99 in <tt class="literal">ditroff</tt>.</p><h4 class="refsect2">Examples</h4><blockquote><pre class="code">.fp 7 CW \" position 7 is constant width.fp 8 CI \" position 8 is constant italic.fp 9 CB \" position 9 is constant bold</pre></blockquote></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".ft">.ft</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.ft</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>f</tt></em></p><p>Change font to <em class="emphasis">f</em>, where <em class="emphasis">f</em> is a one- or two-character fontname, or a font position assigned with <tt class="literal">.fp</tt>. Similar toescape sequence <tt class="literal">\f</tt>.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".hc">.hc</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.hc</tt> [<em class="replaceable"><tt>c</tt></em>]</p><p>Change input hyphenation-indication character to <em class="emphasis">c</em>.Default is <tt class="literal">\%</tt>.</p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><a name=".hw">.hw</a></td><td><p><tt class="literal">.hw</tt> <em class="replaceable"><tt>words</tt></em></p><p>Specify hyphenation points for <em class="emphasis">words</em>(e.g., <tt class="literal">.hw spe-ci-fy</tt>).?? 快捷鍵說明
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