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<H1 class=firstHeading>Mote-mote radio communication</H1>
<DIV id=bodyContent>
<H3 id=siteSub>From TinyOS Documentation Wiki</H3>
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<P>This lesson introduces radio communications in TinyOS. You will become
familar with TinyOS interfaces and components that support communications and
you will learn how to: </P>
<UL>
<LI>Use <CODE>message_t</CODE>, the TinyOS 2.0 message buffer.
<LI>Send a message buffer to the radio.
<LI>Receive a message buffer from the radio. </LI></UL>
<P><BR></P>
<TABLE class=toc id=toc summary=Contents>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD>
<DIV id=toctitle>
<H2>Contents</H2></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class=toclevel-1><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Introduction"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Introduction</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Basic_Communications_Interfaces"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Basic Communications
Interfaces</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Active_Message_Interfaces"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Active Message
Interfaces</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Components"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Components</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Naming_Wrappers"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Naming
Wrappers</SPAN></A> </LI></UL>
<LI class=toclevel-1><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#The_TinyOS_2.0_Message_Buffer"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>The TinyOS 2.0 Message
Buffer</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-1><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Sending_a_Message_over_the_Radio"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Sending a Message over the
Radio</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Reimplementing_Blink"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Reimplementing
Blink</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Defining_a_Message_Structure"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Defining a Message
Structure</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-2><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Sending_a_Message"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Sending a
Message</SPAN></A> </LI></UL>
<LI class=toclevel-1><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Receiving_a_Message_over_the_Radio"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>4</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Receiving a Message over
the Radio</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-1><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Conclusions"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>5</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Conclusions</SPAN></A>
<LI class=toclevel-1><A
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#Related_Documentation"><SPAN
class=tocnumber>6</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Related
Documentation</SPAN></A> </LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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<A name=Introduction></A>
<H1><SPAN class=mw-headline>Introduction</SPAN></H1>
<P>TinyOS provides a number of <I>interfaces</I> to abstract the underlying
communications services and a number of <I>components</I> that <I>provide</I>
(implement) these interfaces. All of these interfaces and components use a
common message buffer abstraction, called <CODE>message_t</CODE>, which is
implemented as a nesC struct (similar to a C struct). The <CODE>message_t</CODE>
abstraction replaces the TinyOS 1.x <CODE>TOS_Msg</CODE> abstraction. Unlike
TinyOS 1.x, the members of <CODE>message_t</CODE> are opaque, and therefore not
accessed directly. Rather, <CODE>message_t</CODE> is an <I>abstract data
type</I>, whose members are read and written using accessor and mutator
functions <SUP class=reference id=_ref-fn1_0><A title=""
href="http://docs.tinyos.net/index.php/Mote-mote_radio_communication#_note-fn1">[1]</A></SUP>.
</P><A name=Basic_Communications_Interfaces></A>
<H2><SPAN class=mw-headline>Basic Communications Interfaces</SPAN></H2>
<P>There are a number of interfaces and components that use
<CODE>message_t</CODE> as the underlying data structure. Let's take a look at
some of the interfaces that are in the <CODE>tos/interfaces</CODE> directory to
familiarize ourselves with the general functionality of the communications
system: </P>
<UL>
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/Packet.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/Packet.nc"
rel=nofollow>Packet</A></CODE> - Provides the basic accessors for the
<CODE>message_t</CODE> abstract data type. This interface provides commands
for clearing a message's contents, getting its payload length, and getting a
pointer to its payload area.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/Send.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/Send.nc"
rel=nofollow>Send</A></CODE> - Provides the basic <I>address-free</I> message
sending interface. This interface provides commands for sending a message and
canceling a pending message send. The interface provides an event to indicate
whether a message was sent successfully or not. It also provides convenience
functions for getting the message's maximum payload as well as a pointer to a
message's payload area.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/Receive.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/Receive.nc"
rel=nofollow>Receive</A></CODE> - Provides the basic message reception
interface. This interface provides an event for receiving messages. It also
provides, for convenience, commands for getting a message's payload length and
getting a pointer to a message's payload area.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/PacketAcknowledgements.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/PacketAcknowledgements.nc"
rel=nofollow>PacketAcknowledgements</A></CODE> - Provides a mechanism for
requesting acknowledgements on a per-packet basis.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/RadioTimeStamping.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/RadioTimeStamping.nc"
rel=nofollow>RadioTimeStamping</A></CODE> - Provides time stamping information
for radio transmission and reception. </LI></UL><A
name=Active_Message_Interfaces></A>
<H2><SPAN class=mw-headline>Active Message Interfaces</SPAN></H2>
<P>Since it is very common to have multiple services using the same radio to
communicate, TinyOS provides the Active Message (AM) layer to multiplex access
to the radio. The term "AM type" refers to the field used for multiplexing. AM
types are similar in function to the Ethernet frame type field, IP protocol
field, and the UDP port in that all of them are used to multiplex access to a
communication service. AM packets also includes a destination field, which
stores an "AM address" to address packets to particular motes. Additional
interfaces, also located in the <CODE>tos/interfaces</CODE> directory, were
introduced to support the AM services: </P>
<UL>
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/AMPacket.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/AMPacket.nc"
rel=nofollow>AMPacket</A></CODE> - Similar to <CODE>Packet</CODE>, provides
the basic AM accessors for the <CODE>message_t</CODE> abstract data type. This
interface provides commands for getting a node's AM address, an AM packet's
destination, and an AM packet's type. Commands are also provides for setting
an AM packet's destination and type, and checking whether the destination is
the local node.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/AMSend.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/interfaces/AMSend.nc"
rel=nofollow>AMSend</A></CODE> - Similar to <CODE>Send</CODE>, provides the
basic Active Message sending interface. The key difference between
<CODE>AMSend</CODE> and <CODE>Send</CODE> is that <CODE>AMSend</CODE> takes a
destination AM address in its <CODE>send</CODE> command. </LI></UL>
<P>The AM address of a node can be set at installation time, using the
<CODE>make install.<I>n</I></CODE> or <CODE>make reinstall.<I>n</I></CODE>
commands. It can be changed at runtime using the
<CODE>ActiveMessageAddressC</CODE> component (see below). </P><A
name=Components></A>
<H2><SPAN class=mw-headline>Components</SPAN></H2>
<P>A number of components implement the basic communications and active message
interfaces. Let's take a look at some of the components in the
<CODE>/tos/system</CODE> directory. You should be familiar with these components
because your code needs to specify both the <I>interfaces</I> your application
<I>uses</I> as well as the <I>components</I> which <I>provide</I> (implement)
those interfaces: </P>
<UL>
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMReceiverC.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMReceiverC.nc"
rel=nofollow>AMReceiverC</A></CODE> - Provides the following interfaces:
<CODE>Receive</CODE>, <CODE>Packet</CODE>, and <CODE>AMPacket</CODE>.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMSenderC.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMSenderC.nc"
rel=nofollow>AMSenderC</A></CODE> - Provides <CODE>AMSend</CODE>,
<CODE>Packet</CODE>, <CODE>AMPacket</CODE>, and
<CODE>PacketAcknowledgements</CODE> as <CODE>Acks</CODE>.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMSnooperC.nc
href="http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMSnooperC.nc"
rel=nofollow>AMSnooperC</A></CODE> - Provides <CODE>Receive</CODE>,
<CODE>Packet</CODE>, and <CODE>AMPacket</CODE>.
<LI><CODE><A class="external text"
title=http://www.tinyos.net/tinyos-2.x/tos/system/AMSnoopingReceiverC.nc
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