% This file is a chapter.  It must be included in a larger document to work% properly.\chapter{GNU Free Documentation License}Version 1.2, November 2002\\ Copyright \copyright\ 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.\\     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA\\ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.\section*{PREAMBLE}The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or otherfunctional and useful document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: toassure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a wayto get credit for their work, while not being considered responsiblefor modifications made by others.This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivativeworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  Itcomplements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleftlicense designed for free software.We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for freesoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a freeprogram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that thesoftware does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter orwhether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this Licenseprincipally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.\section{APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS}\label{applicability}This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, thatcontains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can bedistributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants aworld-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use thatwork under the conditions stated herein.  The ``Document'', below,refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is alicensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the license if youcopy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permissionunder copyright law.A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing theDocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or withmodifications and/or translated into another language.A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section ofthe Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of thepublishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directlywithin that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part atextbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain anymathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historicalconnection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regardingthem.The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titlesare designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the noticethat says that the Document is released under this License.  If asection does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is notallowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zeroInvariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any InvariantSections then there are none.The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says thatthe Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text maybe at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,represented in a format whose specification is available to thegeneral public, that is suitable for revising the documentstraightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed ofpixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely availabledrawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters orfor automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for inputto text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent fileformat whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwartor discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amountof text.  A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plainASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, \LaTeX\ input format, SGMLor XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simpleHTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples oftransparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formatsinclude proprietary formats that can be read and edited only byproprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/orprocessing tools are not generally available, and themachine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some wordprocessors for output purposes only.The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the materialthis License requires to appear in the title page.  For works informats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' meansthe text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,preceding the beginning of the body of the text.A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whosetitle either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses followingtext that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for aspecific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.)  To ``Preserve the Title''of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains asection ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice whichstates that this License applies to the Document.  These WarrantyDisclaimers are considered to be included by reference in thisLicense, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any otherimplication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and hasno effect on the meaning of this License.\section{VERBATIM COPYING}\label{verbatim}You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, eithercommercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, thecopyright notices, and the license notice saying this License appliesto the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no otherconditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not usetechnical measures to obstruct or control the reading or furthercopying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may acceptcompensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enoughnumber of copies you must also follow the conditions insection~\ref{copying}.You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, andyou may publicly display copies.\section{COPYING IN QUANTITY}\label{copying}If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly haveprinted covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and theDocument's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose thecopies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these CoverTexts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts onthe back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identifyyou as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must presentthe full title with all words of the title equally prominent andvisible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preservethe title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treatedas verbatim copying in other respects.If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fitlegibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fitreasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacentpages.If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numberingmore than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparentcopy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copya computer-network location from which the general network-usingpublic has access to download using public-standard network protocolsa complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensurethat this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the statedlocation until at least one year after the last time you distribute anOpaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of thatedition to the public.It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of theDocument well before redistributing any large number of copies, to givethem a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.\section{MODIFICATIONS}\label{modifications}You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document underthe conditions of sections~\ref{verbatim} and \ref{copying} above,provided that you releasethe Modified Version under precisely this License, with the ModifiedVersion filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distributionand modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copyof it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}.}\begin{enumerate}\item Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.\item List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),   unless they release you from this requirement.\item State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the   Modified Version, as the publisher.\item Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.\item Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications   adjacent to the other copyright notices.\item Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice