% Face recognition by Santiago Serrano
%人臉識別代碼
clear all
close all
clc
% number of images on your training set.
%訓(xùn)練集數(shù)目
M=10;
%Chosen std and mean. 
%It can be any number that it is close to the std and mean of most of the images.
um=100;
ustd=80;
%read and show images(bmp);
%讀入M個訓(xùn)練圖像并顯示在一個窗口上
S=[];   %img matrix
figure(1);
for i=1:M
    str=strcat('C:\MATLAB7\work\',int2str(i),'.bmp');    %concatenates two strings that form the name of the image
    eval('img=imread(str);');
    subplot(ceil(sqrt(M)),ceil(sqrt(M)),i)
    imshow(img)
    if i==3
        title('Training set','fontsize',18)
    end
    drawnow;
    [irow icol]=size(img);    % get the number of rows (N1) and columns (N2)獲得圖像的大小,所有圖像的大小要一致
    temp=reshape(img',irow*icol,1);     %creates a (N1*N2)x1 matrix一幅圖像構(gòu)造一個向量 向量的大小和圖像大小有關(guān)
    S=[S temp];         %X is a N1*N2xM matrix after finishing the sequence  生成一個向量矩陣,M個圖像有M列
                        %this is our S
end
%Here we change the mean and std of all images. We normalize all images.
%This is done to reduce the error due to lighting conditions.
%下面是對圖像規(guī)范化,更具所有圖像的的平均值和方差
for i=1:size(S,2)
    temp=double(S(:,i));
    m=mean(temp);
    st=std(temp);
    S(:,i)=(temp-m)*ustd/st+um;
end
%show normalized images 顯示規(guī)范化后的圖像
figure(2);
for i=1:M
    str=strcat(int2str(i),'.bmp');
    img=reshape(S(:,i),icol,irow);
    img=img';
    eval('imwrite(img,str)');   
    subplot(ceil(sqrt(M)),ceil(sqrt(M)),i)
    imshow(img)
    drawnow;
    if i==3
        title('Normalized Training Set','fontsize',18)
    end
end
%mean image;顯示平均圖像,所有圖像疊加在一起
m=mean(S,2);   %obtains the mean of each row instead of each column
tmimg=uint8(m);   %converts to unsigned 8-bit integer. Values range from 0 to 255
img=reshape(tmimg,icol,irow);    %takes the N1*N2x1 vector and creates a N2xN1 matrix
img=img';       %creates a N1xN2 matrix by transposing the image.
figure(3);
imshow(img);
title('Mean Image','fontsize',18)

% Change image for manipulation
%對圖像變換便于處理
dbx=[];   % A matrix
for i=1:M
    temp=double(S(:,i));
    dbx=[dbx temp];
end
%Covariance matrix C=A'A, L=AA'
%求協(xié)方差矩陣
A=dbx';
L=A*A';
% vv are the eigenvector for L
% dd are the eigenvalue for both L=dbx'*dbx and C=dbx*dbx';
[vv dd]=eig(L);
% Sort and eliminate those whose eigenvalue is zero
%對特征值進行排序并去掉0
v=[];
d=[];
for i=1:size(vv,2)
    if(dd(i,i)>1e-4)
        v=[v vv(:,i)];
        d=[d dd(i,i)];
    end
end

%sort,  will return an ascending sequence
%排序并返回降序的
[B index]=sort(d);
ind=zeros(size(index));
dtemp=zeros(size(index));
vtemp=zeros(size(v));
len=length(index);
for i=1:len
    dtemp(i)=B(len+1-i);
    ind(i)=len+1-index(i);
    vtemp(:,ind(i))=v(:,i);
end
d=dtemp;
v=vtemp;

%Normalization of eigenvectors
%對特征向量進行規(guī)范化
for i=1:size(v,2)       %access each column
   kk=v(:,i);
   temp=sqrt(sum(kk.^2));
   v(:,i)=v(:,i)./temp;
end
%Eigenvectors of C matrix
%得到C的特征向量矩陣
u=[];
for i=1:size(v,2)
    temp=sqrt(d(i));
    u=[u (dbx*v(:,i))./temp];
end
%Normalization of eigenvectors
for i=1:size(u,2)
   kk=u(:,i);
   temp=sqrt(sum(kk.^2));
   u(:,i)=u(:,i)./temp;
end

% show eigenfaces;
%顯示特征臉
figure(4);
for i=1:size(u,2)
    img=reshape(u(:,i),icol,irow);
    img=img';
    img=histeq(img,255);
    subplot(ceil(sqrt(M)),ceil(sqrt(M)),i)
    imshow(img)
    drawnow;
    if i==3
        title('Eigenfaces','fontsize',18)
    end
end
% Find the weight of each face in the training set.
%找出訓(xùn)練集中每張臉的權(quán)重
omega = [];
for h=1:size(dbx,2)
    WW=[];    
    for i=1:size(u,2)
        t = u(:,i)';    
        WeightOfImage = dot(t,dbx(:,h)');
        WW = [WW; WeightOfImage];
    end
    omega = [omega WW];
end

% Acquire new image
% Note: the input image must have a bmp or jpg extension. 
%       It should have the same size as the ones in your training set. 
%       It should be placed on your desktop
%獲取一張新的臉
%注意:圖像的大小和訓(xùn)練集中圖像大小一樣
%
InputImage = input('Please enter the name of the image and its extension \n','s');
InputImage = imread(strcat('C:\MATLAB7\work\',InputImage));
figure(5)
subplot(1,2,1)
imshow(InputImage); colormap('gray');title('Input image','fontsize',18)
InImage=reshape(double(InputImage)',irow*icol,1);  
temp=InImage;
me=mean(temp);
st=std(temp);
temp=(temp-me)*ustd/st+um;
NormImage = temp;
Difference = temp-m;
NormImage = Difference;
p = [];
aa=size(u,2);
for i = 1:aa
    pare = dot(NormImage,u(:,i));
    p = [p; pare];
end
ReshapedImage = m + u(:,1:aa)*p;    %m is the mean image, u is the eigenvector
ReshapedImage = reshape(ReshapedImage,icol,irow);
ReshapedImage = ReshapedImage';
%show the reconstructed image. 顯示重構(gòu)的圖像
subplot(1,2,2)
imagesc(ReshapedImage); colormap('gray');
title('Reconstructed image','fontsize',18)
InImWeight = [];
for i=1:size(u,2)
    t = u(:,i)';
    WeightOfInputImage = dot(t,Difference');
    InImWeight = [InImWeight; WeightOfInputImage];
end
ll = 1:M;
figure(68)
subplot(1,2,1)
stem(ll,InImWeight)
title('Weight of Input Face','fontsize',14)
% Find Euclidean distance 查找Euclidean距離
e=[];
for i=1:size(omega,2)
    q = omega(:,i);
    DiffWeight = InImWeight-q;
    mag = norm(DiffWeight);
    e = [e mag];
end
kk = 1:size(e,2);
subplot(1,2,2)
stem(kk,e)
title('Eucledian distance of input image','fontsize',14)
MaximumValue=max(e)
MinimumValue=min(e)