* For the user~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NOTE: This document describes the usage of the high level CI API asin accordance to the Linux DVB API. This is a not a documentation for the,existing low level CI API.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~To utilize the High Level CI capabilities,(1*) This point is valid only for the Twinhan/clones  For the Twinhan/Twinhan clones, the dst_ca module handles the CI  hardware handling.This module is loaded automatically if a CI  (Common Interface, that holds the CAM (Conditional Access Module)  is detected.(2) one requires a userspace application, ca_zap. This small userland  application is in charge of sending the descrambling related information  to the CAM.This application requires the following to function properly as of now.	(a) Tune to a valid channel, with szap.	  eg: $ szap -c channels.conf -r "TMC" -x	(b) a channels.conf containing a valid PMT PID	  eg: TMC:11996:h:0:27500:278:512:650:321	  here 278 is a valid PMT PID. the rest of the values are the	  same ones that szap uses.	(c) after running a szap, you have to run ca_zap, for the	  descrambler to function,	  eg: $ ca_zap channels.conf "TMC"	(d) Hopefully enjoy your favourite subscribed channel as you do with	  a FTA card.(3) Currently ca_zap, and dst_test, both are meant for demonstration  purposes only, they can become full fledged applications if necessary.* Cards that fall in this category~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~At present the cards that fall in this category are the Twinhan and it'sclones, these cards are available as VVMER, Tomato, Hercules, Orange andso on.* CI modules that are supported~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The CI module support is largely dependant upon the firmware on the cardsSome cards do support almost all of the available CI modules. There isnothing much that can be done in order to make additional CI modulesworking with these cards.Modules that have been tested by this driver at present are(1) Irdeto 1 and 2 from SCM(2) Viaccess from SCM(3) Dragoncam* The High level CI API~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~* For the programmer~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~With the High Level CI approach any new card with almost any randomarchitecture can be implemented with this style, the definitionsinside the switch statement can be easily adapted for any card, therebyeliminating the need for any additional ioctls.The disadvantage is that the driver/hardware has to manage the rest. Forthe application programmer it would be as simple as sending/receiving anarray to/from the CI ioctls as defined in the Linux DVB API. No changeshave been made in the API to accommodate this feature.* Why the need for another CI interface ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~This is one of the most commonly asked question. Well a nice question.Strictly speaking this is not a new interface.The CI interface is defined in the DVB API in ca.h astypedef struct ca_slot_info {	int num;               /* slot number */	int type;              /* CA interface this slot supports */#define CA_CI            1     /* CI high level interface */#define CA_CI_LINK       2     /* CI link layer level interface */#define CA_CI_PHYS       4     /* CI physical layer level interface */#define CA_DESCR         8     /* built-in descrambler */#define CA_SC          128     /* simple smart card interface */	unsigned int flags;#define CA_CI_MODULE_PRESENT 1 /* module (or card) inserted */#define CA_CI_MODULE_READY   2} ca_slot_info_t;This CI interface follows the CI high level interface, which is notimplemented by most applications. Hence this area is revisited.This CI interface is quite different in the case that it tries toaccommodate all other CI based devices, that fall into the other categories.This means that this CI interface handles the EN50221 style tags in theApplication layer only and no session management is taken care of by theapplication. The driver/hardware will take care of all that.This interface is purely an EN50221 interface exchanging APDU's. Thismeans that no session management, link layer or a transport layer doexist in this case in the application to driver communication. It isas simple as that. The driver/hardware has to take care of that.With this High Level CI interface, the interface can be defined with theregular ioctls.All these ioctls are also valid for the High level CI interface#define CA_RESET          _IO('o', 128)#define CA_GET_CAP        _IOR('o', 129, ca_caps_t)#define CA_GET_SLOT_INFO  _IOR('o', 130, ca_slot_info_t)#define CA_GET_DESCR_INFO _IOR('o', 131, ca_descr_info_t)#define CA_GET_MSG        _IOR('o', 132, ca_msg_t)#define CA_SEND_MSG       _IOW('o', 133, ca_msg_t)#define CA_SET_DESCR      _IOW('o', 134, ca_descr_t)#define CA_SET_PID        _IOW('o', 135, ca_pid_t)On querying the device, the device yields information thusCA_GET_SLOT_INFO----------------------------Command = [info]APP: Number=[1]APP: Type=[1]APP: flags=[1]APP: CI High level interfaceAPP: CA/CI Module PresentCA_GET_CAP----------------------------Command = [caps]APP: Slots=[1]APP: Type=[1]APP: Descrambler keys=[16]APP: Type=[1]CA_SEND_MSG----------------------------Descriptors(Program Level)=[ 09 06 06 04 05 50 ff f1]Found CA descriptor @ program level(20) ES type=[2] ES pid=[201]  ES length =[0 (0x0)](25) ES type=[4] ES pid=[301]  ES length =[0 (0x0)]ca_message length is 25 (0x19) bytesEN50221 CA MSG=[ 9f 80 32 19 03 01 2d d1 f0 08 01 09 06 06 04 05 50 ff f1 02 e0 c9 00 00 04 e1 2d 00 00]Not all ioctl's are implemented in the driver from the API, the otherfeatures of the hardware that cannot be implemented by the API are achievedusing the CA_GET_MSG and CA_SEND_MSG ioctls. An EN50221 style wrapper isused to exchange the data to maintain compatibility with other hardware./* a message to/from a CI-CAM */typedef struct ca_msg {	unsigned int index;	unsigned int type;	unsigned int length;	unsigned char msg[256];} ca_msg_t;The flow of data can be described thus,	App (User)	-----	parse	  |	  |	  v	en50221 APDU (package)   --------------------------------------   |	  |				| High Level CI driver   |	  |				|   |	  v				|   |	en50221 APDU (unpackage)	|   |	  |				|   |	  |				|   |	  v				|   |	sanity checks			|   |	  |				|   |	  |				|   |	  v				|   |	do (H/W dep)			|   --------------------------------------	  |    Hardware	  |	  vThe High Level CI interface uses the EN50221 DVB standard, following astandard ensures futureproofness.