/* *    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *    (at your option) any later version. * *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the *    GNU General Public License for more details. * *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License *    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software *    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. *//* *    J48.java *    Copyright (C) 1999 Eibe Frank * */package weka.classifiers.j48;import java.util.*;import weka.core.*;import weka.classifiers.*;/** * Class for generating an unpruned or a pruned C4.5 decision tree. * For more information, see<p> * * Ross Quinlan (1993). <i>C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning</i>,  * Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA. </p> * * Valid options are: <p> * * -U <br> * Use unpruned tree.<p> * * -C confidence <br> * Set confidence threshold for pruning. (Default: 0.25) <p> * * -M number <br> * Set minimum number of instances per leaf. (Default: 2) <p> * * -R <br> * Use reduced error pruning. No subtree raising is performed. <p> * * -N number <br> * Set number of folds for reduced error pruning. One fold is * used as the pruning set. (Default: 3) <p> * * -B <br> * Use binary splits for nominal attributes. <p> * * -S <br> * Don't perform subtree raising. <p> * * -L <br> * Do not clean up after the tree has been built. <p> * * -A <br> * If set, Laplace smoothing is used for predicted probabilites. <p> * * * @author Eibe Frank (eibe@cs.waikato.ac.nz) * @version $Revision: 1.22 $ */public class J48 extends DistributionClassifier implements OptionHandler,   Drawable, Matchable, Sourcable, WeightedInstancesHandler, Summarizable,  AdditionalMeasureProducer {  // To maintain the same version number after adding m_ClassAttribute  static final long serialVersionUID = -217733168393644444L;  /** The decision tree */  private ClassifierTree m_root;    /** Unpruned tree? */  private boolean m_unpruned = false;  /** Confidence level */  private float m_CF = 0.25f;  /** Minimum number of instances */  private int m_minNumObj = 2;  /** Determines whether probabilities are smoothed using      Laplace correction when predictions are generated */  private boolean m_useLaplace = false;  /** Use reduced error pruning? */  private boolean m_reducedErrorPruning = false;  /** Number of folds for reduced error pruning. */  private int m_numFolds = 3;  /** Binary splits on nominal attributes? */  private boolean m_binarySplits = false;  /** Subtree raising to be performed? */  private boolean m_subtreeRaising = true;  /** Cleanup after the tree has been built. */  boolean m_noCleanup = false;    /**   * Generates the classifier.   *   * @exception Exception if classifier can't be built successfully   */  public void buildClassifier(Instances instances)        throws Exception{    ModelSelection modSelection;	     if (m_binarySplits)      modSelection = new BinC45ModelSelection(m_minNumObj, instances);    else      modSelection = new C45ModelSelection(m_minNumObj, instances);    if (!m_reducedErrorPruning)      m_root = new C45PruneableClassifierTree(modSelection, !m_unpruned, m_CF,					    m_subtreeRaising, !m_noCleanup);    else      m_root = new PruneableClassifierTree(modSelection, !m_unpruned, m_numFolds,					   !m_noCleanup);    m_root.buildClassifier(instances);    if (m_binarySplits) {      ((BinC45ModelSelection)modSelection).cleanup();    } else {      ((C45ModelSelection)modSelection).cleanup();    }  }  /**   * Classifies an instance.   *   * @exception Exception if instance can't be classified successfully   */  public double classifyInstance(Instance instance) throws Exception {    return m_root.classifyInstance(instance);  }  /**    * Returns class probabilities for an instance.   *   * @exception Exception if distribution can't be computed successfully   */  public final double [] distributionForInstance(Instance instance)        throws Exception {    return m_root.distributionForInstance(instance, m_useLaplace);  }  /**   * Returns graph describing the tree.   *   * @exception Exception if graph can't be computed   */  public String graph() throws Exception {    return m_root.graph();  }  /**   * Returns tree in prefix order.   *   * @exception Exception if something goes wrong   */  public String prefix() throws Exception {        return m_root.prefix();  }  /**   * Returns tree as an if-then statement.   *   * @return the tree as a Java if-then type statement   * @exception Exception if something goes wrong   */  public String toSource(String className) throws Exception {    StringBuffer [] source = m_root.toSource(className);    return     "class " + className + " {\n\n"    +"  public static double classify(Object [] i)\n"    +"    throws Exception {\n\n"    +"    double p = Double.NaN;\n"    + source[0]  // Assignment code    +"    return p;\n"    +"  }\n"    + source[1]  // Support code    +"}\n";  }  /**   * Returns an enumeration describing the available options   *   * Valid options are: <p>   *   * -U <br>   * Use unpruned tree.<p>   *   * -C confidence <br>   * Set confidence threshold for pruning. (Default: 0.25) <p>   *   * -M number <br>   * Set minimum number of instances per leaf. (Default: 2) <p>   *   * -R <br>   * Use reduced error pruning. No subtree raising is performed. <p>   *   * -N number <br>   * Set number of folds for reduced error pruning. One fold is   * used as the pruning set. (Default: 3) <p>   *   * -B <br>   * Use binary splits for nominal attributes. <p>   *   * -S <br>   * Don't perform subtree raising. <p>   *   * -L <br>   * Do not clean up after the tree has been built.   *   * -A <br>   * If set, Laplace smoothing is used for predicted probabilites. <p>   *   * @return an enumeration of all the available options   */  public Enumeration listOptions() {    Vector newVector = new Vector(9);    newVector.	addElement(new Option("\tUse unpruned tree.",			      "U", 0, "-U"));    newVector.	addElement(new Option("\tSet confidence threshold for pruning.\n" +			      "\t(default 0.25)",			      "C", 1, "-C <pruning confidence>"));    newVector.	addElement(new Option("\tSet minimum number of instances per leaf.\n" +			      "\t(default 2)",			      "M", 1, "-M <minimum number of instances>"));    newVector.	addElement(new Option("\tUse reduced error pruning.",			      "R", 0, "-R"));    newVector.	addElement(new Option("\tSet number of folds for reduced error\n" +			      "\tpruning. One fold is used as pruning set.\n" +			      "\t(default 3)",			      "N", 1, "-N <number of folds>"));    newVector.	addElement(new Option("\tUse binary splits only.",			      "B", 0, "-B"));    newVector.        addElement(new Option("\tDon't perform subtree raising.",			      "S", 0, "-S"));    newVector.        addElement(new Option("\tDo not clean up after the tree has been built.",			      "L", 0, "-L"));   newVector.        addElement(new Option("\tLaplace smoothing for predicted probabilities.",			      "A", 0, "-A"));    return newVector.elements();  }  /**   * Parses a given list of options.   *   * @param options the list of options as an array of strings   * @exception Exception if an option is not supported   */  public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception{        // Other options    String minNumString = Utils.getOption('M', options);    if (minNumString.length() != 0) {      m_minNumObj = Integer.parseInt(minNumString);    } else {      m_minNumObj = 2;    }    m_binarySplits = Utils.getFlag('B', options);    m_useLaplace = Utils.getFlag('A', options);    // Pruning options    m_unpruned = Utils.getFlag('U', options);    m_subtreeRaising = !Utils.getFlag('S', options);    m_noCleanup = Utils.getFlag('L', options);    if ((m_unpruned) && (!m_subtreeRaising)) {      throw new Exception("Subtree raising doesn't need to be unset for unpruned tree!");    }    m_reducedErrorPruning = Utils.getFlag('R', options);    if ((m_unpruned) && (m_reducedErrorPruning)) {      throw new Exception("Unpruned tree and reduced error pruning can't be selected " +			  "simultaneously!");    }    String confidenceString = Utils.getOption('C', options);    if (confidenceString.length() != 0) {      if (m_reducedErrorPruning) {	throw new Exception("Setting the confidence doesn't make sense " +			    "for reduced error pruning.");      } else if (m_unpruned) {	throw new Exception("Doesn't make sense to change confidence for unpruned "			    +"tree!");      } else {	m_CF = (new Float(confidenceString)).floatValue();	if ((m_CF <= 0) || (m_CF >= 1)) {	  throw new Exception("Confidence has to be greater than zero and smaller " +			      "than one!");	}      }    } else {      m_CF = 0.25f;    }    String numFoldsString = Utils.getOption('N', options);    if (numFoldsString.length() != 0) {      if (!m_reducedErrorPruning) {	throw new Exception("Setting the number of folds" +			    " doesn't make sense if" +			    " reduced error pruning is not selected.");      } else {	m_numFolds = Integer.parseInt(numFoldsString);      }    } else {      m_numFolds = 3;