?? pid1.txt
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PID算法2007年04月23日 星期一 10:44 P.M. 在過(guò)程控制中,按偏差的比例(P)、積分(I)和微分(D)進(jìn)行控制的PID控制器(亦稱PID調(diào)節(jié)器)是應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種自動(dòng)控制器。它具有原理簡(jiǎn)單,易于實(shí)現(xiàn),適用面廣,控制參數(shù)相互獨(dú)立,參數(shù)的選定比較簡(jiǎn)單等優(yōu)點(diǎn);而且在理論上可以證明,對(duì)于過(guò)程控制的典型對(duì)象──“一階滯后+純滯后”與“二階滯后+純滯后”的控制對(duì)象,PID控制器是一種最優(yōu)控制。PID調(diào)節(jié)規(guī)律是連續(xù)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)品質(zhì)校正的一種有效方法,它的參數(shù)整定方式簡(jiǎn)便,結(jié)構(gòu)改變靈活(PI、PD、…)。
參數(shù)的選擇:
①比例系數(shù)P對(duì)系統(tǒng)性能的影響:比例系數(shù)加大,使系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)作靈敏,速度加快,穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差減小;P偏大,振蕩次數(shù)加多,調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間加長(zhǎng);P太大時(shí),系統(tǒng)會(huì)趨于不穩(wěn)定;P太小,又會(huì)使系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)作緩慢。P可以選負(fù)數(shù),這主要是由執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、傳感器以及控制對(duì)象的特性決定的。如果P的符號(hào)選擇不當(dāng)對(duì)象測(cè)量值就會(huì)離控制目標(biāo)的設(shè)定值越來(lái)越遠(yuǎn),如果出現(xiàn)這樣的情況P的符號(hào)就一定要取反。同時(shí)要注意的是,力控的策略控制器的PID控制塊的P參數(shù)是PID控制中的增益。
②積分控制I對(duì)系統(tǒng)性能的影響:積分作用使系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性下降,I小(積分作用強(qiáng))會(huì)使系統(tǒng)不穩(wěn)定,但能消除穩(wěn)態(tài)誤差,提高系統(tǒng)的控制精度。
③微分控制D對(duì)系統(tǒng)性能的影響:微分作用可以改善動(dòng)態(tài)特性,D偏大時(shí),超調(diào)量較大,調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間較短;D偏小時(shí),超調(diào)量也較大,調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間也較長(zhǎng);只有D合適,才能使超調(diào)量較小,減短調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)間。
[轉(zhuǎn)貼]C語(yǔ)言實(shí)現(xiàn)PID算法:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
struct _pid {
int pv; /*integer that contains the process value*/
int sp; /*integer that contains the set point*/
float integral;
float pgain;
float igain;
float dgain;
int deadband;
int last_error;
};
struct _pid warm,*pid;
int process_point, set_point,dead_band;
float p_gain, i_gain, d_gain, integral_val,new_integ;;
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
pid_init
DESCRIPTION This function initializes the pointers in the _pid structure
to the process variable and the setpoint. *pv and *sp are
integer pointers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void pid_init(struct _pid *warm, int process_point, int set_point)
{
struct _pid *pid;
pid = warm;
pid->pv = process_point;
pid->sp = set_point;
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
pid_tune
DESCRIPTION Sets the proportional gain (p_gain), integral gain (i_gain),
derivitive gain (d_gain), and the dead band (dead_band) of
a pid control structure _pid.
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void pid_tune(struct _pid *pid, float p_gain, float i_gain, float d_gain, int dead_band)
{
pid->pgain = p_gain;
pid->igain = i_gain;
pid->dgain = d_gain;
pid->deadband = dead_band;
pid->integral= integral_val;
pid->last_error=0;
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
pid_setinteg
DESCRIPTION Set a new value for the integral term of the pid equation.
This is useful for setting the initial output of the
pid controller at start up.
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void pid_setinteg(struct _pid *pid,float new_integ)
{
pid->integral = new_integ;
pid->last_error = 0;
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
pid_bumpless
DESCRIPTION Bumpless transfer algorithim. When suddenly changing
setpoints, or when restarting the PID equation after an
extended pause, the derivative of the equation can cause
a bump in the controller output. This function will help
smooth out that bump. The process value in *pv should
be the updated just before this function is used.
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void pid_bumpless(struct _pid *pid)
{
pid->last_error = (pid->sp)-(pid->pv);
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
pid_calc
DESCRIPTION Performs PID calculations for the _pid structure *a. This function uses the positional form of the pid equation, and incorporates an integral windup prevention algorithim. Rectangular integration is used, so this function must be repeated on a consistent time basis for accurate control.
RETURN VALUE The new output value for the pid loop.
USAGE #include "control.h"*/
float pid_calc(struct _pid *pid)
{
int err;
float pterm, dterm, result, ferror;
err = (pid->sp) - (pid->pv);
if (abs(err) > pid->deadband)
{
ferror = (float) err; /*do integer to float conversion only once*/
pterm = pid->pgain * ferror;
if (pterm > 100 || pterm < -100)
{
pid->integral = 0.0;
}
else
{
pid->integral += pid->igain * ferror;
{
pid->integral = 100.0;
}
else if (pid->integral < 0.0) pid->integral = 0.0;
}
dterm = ((float)(err - pid->last_error)) * pid->dgain;
result = pterm + pid->integral + dterm;
}
else result = pid->integral;
pid->last_error = err;
return (result);
}
void main(void)
{
float display_value;
int count=0;
pid = &warm;
// printf("Enter the values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
// scanf("%d%d%f%f%f", &process_point, &set_point, &p_gain, &i_gain, &d_gain);
process_point = 30;
set_point = 40;
p_gain = (float)(5.2);
i_gain = (float)(0.77);
d_gain = (float)(0.18);
dead_band = 2;
integral_val =(float)(0.01);
printf("The values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
printf(" %6d %6d %4f %4f %4f\n", process_point, set_point, p_gain, i_gain, d_gain);
printf("Enter the values of Process point\n");
while(count<=20)
{
scanf("%d",&process_point);
pid_init(&warm, process_point, set_point);
pid_tune(&warm, p_gain,i_gain,d_gain,dead_band);
pid_setinteg(&warm,0.0); //pid_setinteg(&warm,30.0);
//Get input value for process point
pid_bumpless(&warm);
// how to display output
display_value = pid_calc(&warm);
printf("%f\n", display_value);
//printf("\n%f%f%f%f",warm.pv,warm.sp,warm.igain,warm.dgain);
count++;
}
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