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<LI>
<A HREF="#I1">2 — Getting Started Basic Tutorial</A></LI>
<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I3">By Rachel and Robert Sartin</A></LI></UL></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I4">Logging In</A></LI>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I5">User Account Setup</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I6">Logging In to the System</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I7">After Login Succeeds</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I8">Different Priviledges for Different Users</A></LI></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I9">Logging Out</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I10">Using Commands</A></LI>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I11">What Is a Command?</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I12">Redirecting Input and Output</A></LI></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I13">Configuring Your Environment</A></LI>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I14">Viewing and Setting Environment Variables</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I15">Using Shell Startup Files</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I16">Configuring with rc files</A></LI></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I17">Managing Your Password</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I18">Working on the System</A></LI>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I19">Erase</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I20">Kill</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I21">Stop and Start</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I22">eof</A></LI></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I23">Online Help</A></LI>
<LI>
<A HREF="#I24">Summary</A></LI></UL></UL></UL>
<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">
<CENTER><A ID="I1" NAME="I1">
<BR>
<FONT SIZE=5><A ID="I2" NAME="I2"></A><B>2 — Getting Started Basic Tutorial</B>
<BR></FONT></A></CENTER></H1>
<H5 ALIGN="CENTER">
<CENTER><A ID="I3" NAME="I3">
<FONT SIZE=3><B>By Rachel and Robert Sartin</B>
<BR></FONT></A></CENTER></H5>
<H3 ALIGN="CENTER">
<CENTER><A ID="I4" NAME="I4">
<FONT SIZE=4><B>Logging In</B>
<BR></FONT></A></CENTER></H3>
<P>If you're used to working with personal computers, then you're probably used to having a box with a floppy drive, a hard disk, and a monitor on your desk. You just turn it on and type away. UNIX workstations are similar to personal computers. A UNIX
workstation might have a floppy drive, a hard disk, and a very large monitor. On a larger UNIX system, you might just have a terminal. Large UNIX systems allow multiple logins at a time. In these situations, the computer system has different parts in
different places. Regardless of your situation, you will have at least one input device (a keyboard) and at least one output device (a video monitor). These pieces are physically connected to that computer.
<BR></P>
<H4 ALIGN="CENTER">
<CENTER><A ID="I5" NAME="I5">
<FONT SIZE=3><B>User Account Setup</B>
<BR></FONT></A></CENTER></H4>
<P>After a UNIX system is booted, you cannot simply start using it as you do a PC. Before you can access the computer system, someone—usually the system administrator—must configure the computer for your use. If you are running UNIX on your PC at
home, you will most likely need to do these things for yourself. If you are a UNIX novice trying to set up your home computer system, you can refer to Chapter 33, "UNIX Installation Basics." If you are using a computer system in your place of
work, your employer may have a person or persons whose specific job it is to administer all the systems. If this is the case, you will have to coordinate with a staff member to set up your system account. The company may have an application form on which
you can request such things as a certain user name, a temporary password, which shell you want to use (see Chapter 14, "Which Shell Is Right for You"), what your default group is, what groups you should belong to, and which mail aliases you
should be added to. Many of these things will depend on what work you will be doing and whom you will be working with.
<BR></P>
<P>No matter who sets up your computer account, you must know two things before you can use the system: your user name and your password. If you don't know what these are, you must stop and find out what has been assigned to you. The user name is a unique
name that identifies you to the system. It is often related to your real name, such as your first name, your last name, or a combination of first initial and last name (for example, "frank," "brimmer," or "fbrimmer,"
respectively). If you get to request a user name, try to choose something that makes others think of you alone, and is not vague or common enough to cause confusion with others. The system administrator will verify that no one else on your system has this
name before allowing you to have it. The password that you request or that has been assigned to you is a temporary string that allows you to initially access the computer system. The initial password isn't of any real importance because you should change
it to something of your choice the first time you log in to the system (see "Managing Your Password" later in this chapter).
<BR></P>
<P>The other items on the account application form are harder for a novice user to determine. Asking a peer who uses the same system for the values his or her account has might be a good place to start. The system administrator may be able to help you
figure out what values you should have. But don't worry; these are all easily changed later if you wish.
<BR></P>
<H4 ALIGN="CENTER">
<CENTER><A ID="I6" NAME="I6">
<FONT SIZE=3><B>Logging In to the System</B>
<BR></FONT></A></CENTER></H4>
<P>Now that you know your user name (say it's "brimmer") and password (say it's "new_user"), you can access the system. When you sit down in front of a UNIX workstation, you are expected to log in to the system. The system prompts
(asks) you for your user name by printing login:. You should then enter your user name. Next, UNIX will prompt you for your password by printing Password:. Enter your password. As you type your password, don't be alarmed if the characters you type are not
displayed on your screen. This is normal and is for your protection. No one else should know your password, and this way no one can look at your screen when you login and see your password.
<BR></P>
<PRE>login: <B>brimmer</B>
Password:
Please wait...checking for disk quotas
Marine biology word of the day:
Cnidaria (n.) Nigh-DARE-ee-uh (L. a nettle) - a phylum of basically
radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including corals, sea
anemones, jellyfish and hydroids. This phylum was formerly known
as Coelenterata.
$</PRE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<NOTE>
<IMG SRC="imp.gif" WIDTH = 68 HEIGHT = 35><B>TIP: </B>Some keyboards have a key labeled "Return." Some have a key labeled "Enter." If your keyboard has both, then "Return" is probably the correct key to use.
<BR></NOTE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<NOTE>
<IMG SRC="imp.gif" WIDTH = 68 HEIGHT = 35><B>TIP: </B>On some systems, erase is # and kill is @. On others, erase is Backspace or Delete and kill is Control+U or Control+X.
<BR></NOTE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<P>If you typed everything correctly and the system administrator has everything set up correctly, you are now logged in and may use the system. If you get a message saying Login Incorrect, then you may have typed your user name or password incorrectly. If
you make a mistake during your user name, the Backspace key and the Delete key may not undo this mistake for you. The easiest thing to do is to start over by pressing Enter twice to get to a new login: prompt.
<BR></P>
<P>Other error messages you might receive are No Shell, No Directory, or Cannot Open Password File. If you see any of these messages, or if multiple attempts at logging in always produce the Login Incorrect message, contact your system administrator for
help.
<BR></P>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<NOTE>
<IMG SRC="imp.gif" WIDTH = 68 HEIGHT = 35><B>TIP: </B>The No Shell message means that UNIX is not able to start the command interpreter, which was configured when your account was set up. Depending on the UNIX system, your login may complete successfully
and the default shell will be used. If this happens, you can use the chsh command, which will change the shell specified in your account. See Part II, "Hunt For Shells," for more information about various shells. The No Directory message means
that UNIX cannot access your home directory, which was specified when your account was set up. Again, depending on the system, your login may complete successfully, placing you in a default directory. You may need to then enlist the help of the system
administrator to create your home directory or change the home directory value for your account. See Chapter 3, "The UNIX File System: Go Climb a Tree," regarding directories and specifically your home directory. The Cannot Open Password File
message means that UNIX is having a problem accessing the system password file, which holds the account information (user name, password, user id, shell, group, and so on) for each user. If there is a problem with this file, no user can log in to the
system. Contact your system administrator if you see this message.
<BR></NOTE>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<P>If your system is configured to use a graphical user interface (GUI), you probably have a login screen. This screen performs the same function as the command-line prompts but is presented as a graphical display. The display probably has two boxes for
you to fill in, each with a label. One box is for your user name and the other is for your password.
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