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<LI>
<A HREF="#I1">13 — C Shell</A></LI>
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<UL>
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<A HREF="#I3">By John Valley</A></LI></UL></UL>
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<A HREF="#I4">A Little History</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I5">Invoking C Shell</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I6">Shell Basics</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I7">Executing Commands—The Basics</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I8">Command Names as Shell Input</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I9">Built-In Shell Commands</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I10">Executing Simple Commands</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I11">Entering Multiple Commands on One Line</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I12">Entering Commands Too Long for One Line</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I13">Executing Commands in the Background</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I14">Repetitively Executing a Command—repeat</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I15">Executing Commands in a Subshell—()</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I16">Executing Commands Conditionally</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I17">Shell Statements—A Closer Look</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I18">Filename Substitutions (Globbing)</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I19">Redirecting Input and Output</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I20">Input Redirection</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I21">Output Redirection</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I22">Quoting or Escaping from Special Characters</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I23">Working with Directories and the Directory Stack</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I24">Changing Directories—cd and chdir</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I25">Listing the Directory Stack—dirs</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I26">Changing to a Directory Using the Directory Stack—pushd</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I27">Returning to a Previous Directory Using the Directory Stack—popd</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I28">Changing the Active Shell</A></LI>
<UL>
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<A HREF="#I29">Invoking a New Shell—exec</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I30">Exiting from the Current Shell—exit</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I31">Invoking the System Login Procedure—login</A></LI>
<UL>
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<A HREF="#I32">Exiting from a Login Shell—logout</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I33">Preventing a Command from Terminating Execution after Logout—nohup</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I34">Displaying and Setting the Process File Creation Mask—umask</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I35">Echoing Arguments to Standard Output</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I36">Using the echo Command</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I37">Using the glob Command</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I38">Rescanning a Line for Substitutions—eval</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I39">Changing Your Group ID—newgrp</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I40">Timing the Execution of a Command—time</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I41">Aliases</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I42">Defining, Listing, and Changing Command Aliases—alias</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I43">Deleting a Command Alias—unalias</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I44">Shell Options</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I45">Command History</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I46">Displaying the Command History</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I47">Using History Substitutions to Execute Commands</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I48">Variables</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I49">Variable Names</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I50">Creating Shell Variables</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I51">Displaying and Setting Local Shell Variables—set</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I52">Deleting Local Shell Variables—unset</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I53">Displaying and Setting Global Environment Variables—setenv</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I54">Deleting Global Environment Variables—unsetenv</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I55">Obtaining Variable Values with Reference Expressions</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I56">Using Array Variables</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I57">Using Special Read-Only Variables</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I58">Using Predefined Variables</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I59">Shell Programming</A></LI>
<UL>
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<A HREF="#I60">What Is a Shell Script?</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I61">Writing Shell Scripts—An Overview</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I62">A Simple Shell Script</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I63">Using Expressions and Operators in Shell Statements</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I64">Arithmetic and Logical Operators</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I65">Assignment Operators—Evaluating Expressions and Assigning the Results to Variables</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I66">Operator Precedence for Arithmetic and Logical Operators</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I67">Operators for Command Execution and File Testing</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I68">Entering Comments in Shell Programs</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I69">Conditional Statements</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I70">The if Statement</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I71">The switch Statement</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I72">Beginning a Case in switch—case</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I73">Using the Default Case in switch—default</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I74">Exiting from a switch Statement—breaksw</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I75">Iterative Statements</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I76">The while Loop</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I77">The foreach Loop</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I78">Altering the Order of Command Execution—goto</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I79">Specifying the Response to a Signal—onintr</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I80">Processing an Arbitrary Number of Parameters—shift</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I81">Interpreting a Script in the Current Shell—source</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I82">Customizing Your Shell Environment</A></LI>
<UL>
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<A HREF="#I83">What to Put in Your .cshrc Initialization File</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I84">What to Put in Your .login Initialization File</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I85">What to Put in Your .logout File</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I86">Job Control</A></LI>
<UL>
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<A HREF="#I87">Executing Jobs in the Background—&</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I88">Listing Active Background Jobs—jobs</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I89">fg and bg—Referring to Job Numbers</A></LI></UL>
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<A HREF="#I90">Moving Foreground Jobs into the Background—bg</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I91">Pausing and Resuming Background Jobs</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I92">Moving Background Jobs into the Foreground—fg</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I93">Stopping a Background Job—stop</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I94">Stopping the Current Shell—suspend</A></LI>
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<A HREF="#I95">Waiting for Background Jobs to Finish—wait</A></LI>
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