if (left > 8) left = 8;
    }
    return -9;                          /* ran out of codes */
}
#endif /* SLOW */

/*
 * Given the list of code lengths length[0..n-1] representing a canonical
 * Huffman code for n symbols, construct the tables required to decode those
 * codes.  Those tables are the number of codes of each length, and the symbols
 * sorted by length, retaining their original order within each length.  The
 * return value is zero for a complete code set, negative for an over-
 * subscribed code set, and positive for an incomplete code set.  The tables
 * can be used if the return value is zero or positive, but they cannot be used
 * if the return value is negative.  If the return value is zero, it is not
 * possible for decode() using that table to return an error--any stream of
 * enough bits will resolve to a symbol.  If the return value is positive, then
 * it is possible for decode() using that table to return an error for received
 * codes past the end of the incomplete lengths.
 *
 * Not used by decode(), but used for error checking, h->count[0] is the number
 * of the n symbols not in the code.  So n - h->count[0] is the number of
 * codes.  This is useful for checking for incomplete codes that have more than
 * one symbol, which is an error in a dynamic block.
 *
 * Assumption: for all i in 0..n-1, 0 <= length[i] <= MAXBITS
 * This is assured by the construction of the length arrays in dynamic() and
 * fixed() and is not verified by construct().
 *
 * Format notes:
 *
 * - Permitted and expected examples of incomplete codes are one of the fixed
 *   codes and any code with a single symbol which in deflate is coded as one
 *   bit instead of zero bits.  See the format notes for fixed() and dynamic().
 *
 * - Within a given code length, the symbols are kept in ascending order for
 *   the code bits definition.
 */
local int construct(struct huffman *h, short *length, int n)
{
    int symbol;         /* current symbol when stepping through length[] */
    int len;            /* current length when stepping through h->count[] */
    int left;           /* number of possible codes left of current length */
    short offs[MAXBITS+1];      /* offsets in symbol table for each length */

    /* count number of codes of each length */
    for (len = 0; len <= MAXBITS; len++)
        h->count[len] = 0;
    for (symbol = 0; symbol < n; symbol++)
        (h->count[length[symbol]])++;   /* assumes lengths are within bounds */
    if (h->count[0] == n)               /* no codes! */
        return 0;                       /* complete, but decode() will fail */

    /* check for an over-subscribed or incomplete set of lengths */
    left = 1;                           /* one possible code of zero length */
    for (len = 1; len <= MAXBITS; len++) {
        left <<= 1;                     /* one more bit, double codes left */
        left -= h->count[len];          /* deduct count from possible codes */
        if (left < 0) return left;      /* over-subscribed--return negative */
    }                                   /* left > 0 means incomplete */

    /* generate offsets into symbol table for each length for sorting */
    offs[1] = 0;
    for (len = 1; len < MAXBITS; len++)
        offs[len + 1] = offs[len] + h->count[len];

    /*
     * put symbols in table sorted by length, by symbol order within each
     * length
     */
    for (symbol = 0; symbol < n; symbol++)
        if (length[symbol] != 0)
            h->symbol[offs[length[symbol]]++] = symbol;

    /* return zero for complete set, positive for incomplete set */
    return left;
}

/*
 * Decode literal/length and distance codes until an end-of-block code.
 *
 * Format notes:
 *
 * - Compressed data that is after the block type if fixed or after the code
 *   description if dynamic is a combination of literals and length/distance
 *   pairs terminated by and end-of-block code.  Literals are simply Huffman
 *   coded bytes.  A length/distance pair is a coded length followed by a
 *   coded distance to represent a string that occurs earlier in the
 *   uncompressed data that occurs again at the current location.
 *
 * - Literals, lengths, and the end-of-block code are combined into a single
 *   code of up to 286 symbols.  They are 256 literals (0..255), 29 length
 *   symbols (257..285), and the end-of-block symbol (256).
 *
 * - There are 256 possible lengths (3..258), and so 29 symbols are not enough
 *   to represent all of those.  Lengths 3..10 and 258 are in fact represented
 *   by just a length symbol.  Lengths 11..257 are represented as a symbol and
 *   some number of extra bits that are added as an integer to the base length
 *   of the length symbol.  The number of extra bits is determined by the base
 *   length symbol.  These are in the static arrays below, lens[] for the base
 *   lengths and lext[] for the corresponding number of extra bits.
 *
 * - The reason that 258 gets its own symbol is that the longest length is used
 *   often in highly redundant files.  Note that 258 can also be coded as the
 *   base value 227 plus the maximum extra value of 31.  While a good deflate
 *   should never do this, it is not an error, and should be decoded properly.
 *
 * - If a length is decoded, including its extra bits if any, then it is
 *   followed a distance code.  There are up to 30 distance symbols.  Again
 *   there are many more possible distances (1..32768), so extra bits are added
 *   to a base value represented by the symbol.  The distances 1..4 get their
 *   own symbol, but the rest require extra bits.  The base distances and
 *   corresponding number of extra bits are below in the static arrays dist[]
 *   and dext[].
 *
 * - Literal bytes are simply written to the output.  A length/distance pair is
 *   an instruction to copy previously uncompressed bytes to the output.  The
 *   copy is from distance bytes back in the output stream, copying for length
 *   bytes.
 *
 * - Distances pointing before the beginning of the output data are not
 *   permitted.
 *
 * - Overlapped copies, where the length is greater than the distance, are
 *   allowed and common.  For example, a distance of one and a length of 258
 *   simply copies the last byte 258 times.  A distance of four and a length of
 *   twelve copies the last four bytes three times.  A simple forward copy
 *   ignoring whether the length is greater than the distance or not implements
 *   this correctly.  You should not use memcpy() since its behavior is not
 *   defined for overlapped arrays.  You should not use memmove() or bcopy()
 *   since though their behavior -is- defined for overlapping arrays, it is
 *   defined to do the wrong thing in this case.
 */
local int codes(struct state *s,
                struct huffman *lencode,
                struct huffman *distcode)
{
    int symbol;         /* decoded symbol */
    int len;            /* length for copy */
    unsigned dist;      /* distance for copy */
    static const short lens[29] = { /* Size base for length codes 257..285 */
        3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 27, 31,
        35, 43, 51, 59, 67, 83, 99, 115, 131, 163, 195, 227, 258};
    static const short lext[29] = { /* Extra bits for length codes 257..285 */
        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,
        3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0};
    static const short dists[30] = { /* Offset base for distance codes 0..29 */
        1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 17, 25, 33, 49, 65, 97, 129, 193,
        257, 385, 513, 769, 1025, 1537, 2049, 3073, 4097, 6145,
        8193, 12289, 16385, 24577};
    static const short dext[30] = { /* Extra bits for distance codes 0..29 */
        0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6,
        7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11,
        12, 12, 13, 13};

    /* decode literals and length/distance pairs */
    do {
        symbol = decode(s, lencode);
        if (symbol < 0) return symbol;  /* invalid symbol */
        if (symbol < 256) {             /* literal: symbol is the byte */
            /* write out the literal */
            if (s->out != NIL) {
                if (s->outcnt == s->outlen) return 1;
                s->out[s->outcnt] = symbol;
            }
            s->outcnt++;
        }
        else if (symbol > 256) {        /* length */
            /* get and compute length */
            symbol -= 257;
            if (symbol >= 29) return -9;        /* invalid fixed code */
            len = lens[symbol] + bits(s, lext[symbol]);

            /* get and check distance */
            symbol = decode(s, distcode);
            if (symbol < 0) return symbol;      /* invalid symbol */
            dist = dists[symbol] + bits(s, dext[symbol]);
            if (dist > s->outcnt)
                return -10;     /* distance too far back */

            /* copy length bytes from distance bytes back */
            if (s->out != NIL) {
                if (s->outcnt + len > s->outlen) return 1;
                while (len--) {
                    s->out[s->outcnt] = s->out[s->outcnt - dist];
                    s->outcnt++;
                }
            }
            else
                s->outcnt += len;
        }
    } while (symbol != 256);            /* end of block symbol */

    /* done with a valid fixed or dynamic block */
    return 0;
}

/*
 * Process a fixed codes block.
 *
 * Format notes:
 *
 * - This block type can be useful for compressing small amounts of data for
 *   which the size of the code descriptions in a dynamic block exceeds the
 *   benefit of custom codes for that block.  For fixed codes, no bits are
 *   spent on code descriptions.  Instead the code lengths for literal/length
 *   codes and distance codes are fixed.  The specific lengths for each symbol
 *   can be seen in the "for" loops below.
 *
 * - The literal/length code is complete, but has two symbols that are invalid
 *   and should result in an error if received.  This cannot be implemented
 *   simply as an incomplete code since those two symbols are in the "middle"
 *   of the code.  They are eight bits long and the longest literal/length\
 *   code is nine bits.  Therefore the code must be constructed with those
 *   symbols, and the invalid symbols must be detected after decoding.
 *
 * - The fixed distance codes also have two invalid symbols that should result
 *   in an error if received.  Since all of the distance codes are the same
 *   length, this can be implemented as an incomplete code.  Then the invalid
 *   codes are detected while decoding.
 */
local int fixed(struct state *s)
{
    static int virgin = 1;
    static short lencnt[MAXBITS+1], lensym[FIXLCODES];
    static short distcnt[MAXBITS+1], distsym[MAXDCODES];
    static struct huffman lencode = {lencnt, lensym};
    static struct huffman distcode = {distcnt, distsym};

    /* build fixed huffman tables if first call (may not be thread safe) */
    if (virgin) {
        int symbol;
        short lengths[FIXLCODES];

        /* literal/length table */
        for (symbol = 0; symbol < 144; symbol++)
            lengths[symbol] = 8;
        for (; symbol < 256; symbol++)
            lengths[symbol] = 9;
        for (; symbol < 280; symbol++)
            lengths[symbol] = 7;
        for (; symbol < FIXLCODES; symbol++)
            lengths[symbol] = 8;
        construct(&lencode, lengths, FIXLCODES);

        /* distance table */
        for (symbol = 0; symbol < MAXDCODES; symbol++)
            lengths[symbol] = 5;
        construct(&distcode, lengths, MAXDCODES);

        /* do this just once */
        virgin = 0;
    }

    /* decode data until end-of-block code */
    return codes(s, &lencode, &distcode);
}

/*
 * Process a dynamic codes block.
 *
 * Format notes:
 *
 * - A dynamic block starts with a description of the literal/length and
 *   distance codes for that block.  New dynamic blocks allow the compressor to
 *   rapidly adapt to changing data with new codes optimized for that data.
 *
 * - The codes used by the deflate format are "canonical", which means that
 *   the actual bits of the codes are generated in an unambiguous way simply
 *   from the number of bits in each code.  Therefore the code descriptions
 *   are simply a list of code lengths for each symbol.
 *
 * - The code lengths are stored in order for the symbols, so lengths are
 *   provided for each of the literal/length symbols, and for each of the
 *   distance symbols.
 *
 * - If a symbol is not used in the block, this is represented by a zero as
 *   as the code length.  This does not mean a zero-length code, but rather
 *   that no code should be created for this symbol.  There is no way in the
 *   deflate format to represent a zero-length code.