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<table width="100%" border="1" bgcolor="#EBEBFF"><tr><td width="5%" align="left" valign="middle"><a href="_chapter 13.htm"><img src="Larrow.gif" width="17" height="19" border="0"></a></td><td align="center" valign="middle"><a class="docLink" href="Front matter.htm">CONTENTS</a></td><td width="5%" align="right" valign="middle"><a href="Appendix B.htm"><img src="Rarrow.gif" width="17" height="19" border="0"></a></td></tr></table>
<h2 class="docAppendixTitle">Appendix A. Useful UNIX Utilities for Shell
Programmers</h2>
<ul><li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec1">at梐t, batch梕xecute commands at a later time</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec2">awk梡attern scanning and processing language</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec3">banner梞ake posters</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec4">basename梬ith a directory name delivers portions ofthe pathname</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec5">bc梡rocesses precision arithmetic</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec6">bdiff梒ompares two big files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec7">cal梔isplays a calendar</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec8">cat梒oncatenates and displays files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec9">chmod梒hange the permissions mode of a file</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec10">chown梒hanges owner of file</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec11">clear梒lears the terminal screen</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec12">cmp梒ompares two files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec13">compress梒ompress, uncompress, zcat compress,uncompress files, or display expanded files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec14">cp梒opies files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec15">cpio梒opy file archives in and out</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec16">cron梩he clock daemon</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec17">crypt梕ncodes or decodes a file</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec18">cut梤emoves selected fields or characters from eachline of a file</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec19">date梔isplays the date and time or sets the date</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec20">diff梒ompares two files for differences diff [朾itw][朿 | 朇n</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec21">du梥ummarizes disk usage</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec22">echo梕choes arguments</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec23">egrep梥earches a file for a pattern using fullregular expressions</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec24">expr梕valuates arguments as an expression</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec25">fgrep梥earch a file for a character string</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec26">file梔etermines the type of a file by looking atits contents</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec27">find梖inds files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec28">finger梔isplays information about local and remoteusers</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec29">fmt梥imple text formatters</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec30">fold梖olds long lines</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec31">ftp梖ile transfer program</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec32">getopt(s)梡arses command line options</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec33">grep梥earches a file for a pattern</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec34">groups梡rints group membership of user</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec35">id梡rints the username, user ID, group name andgroup ID</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec36">jsh梩he standard, job control shell</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec37">line梤eads one line</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec38">logname梘ets the name of the user running theprocess</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec39">lp梥ends output to a printer (AT&T)</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec40">lpr梥ends output to a printer (UCB)</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec41">lpstat梡rint information about the status of the LPprint service (AT&T)</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec42">lpq梡rint information about the status of theprinter (UCB)</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec43">ls條ists contents of directory</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec44">mail梞ail, rmail梤ead mail or send mail to users</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec45">mailx梚nteractive message processing system</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec46">make梞aintains, updates, and regenerates groups ofrelated programs and files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec47">mesg梡ermits or denies messages resulting from thewrite command</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec48">mkdir梒reates a directory</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec49">more梑rowse or page through a text file</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec50">mv梞ove or rename files</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec51">nawk梡attern scanning and processing language</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec52">newgrp條og in to a new group</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec53">news梡rints news items</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec54">nice梤uns a command at low priority</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec55">nohup梞akes commands immune to hangups and quits</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec56">od梠ctal dump</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec57">pack梡ack, pcat, unpack梒ompresses and expandsfiles</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec58">passwd梒hanges the login password and passwordattributes</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec59">paste梞erges same lines of several files orsubsequent lines of one file</a></li>
<li> <a class="docLink" href="#app14lev1sec60">pcat?? 快捷鍵說明
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