string BigInt::toString()
{
    string s = ( sign >= 0 ? "" : "-" );
    for( int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
        s += ( digits[i] + '0' );
    if( size == 0 ) s += '0';
    return s;
}

void BigInt::print()        //FIXME: make more efficient
{
    cout << toString();
}

void BigInt::printWithCommas( ostream &out )
{
    if( sign < 0 ) out.put( '-' );
    for( int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
    {
        out.put( digits[i] + '0' );
        if( !( i % 3 ) && i ) out.put( ',' );
    }
    if( size == 0 ) out.put( '0' );
}

void BigInt::grow()
{
    char *olddigits = digits;
    int oldCap = capacity;
    capacity *= 2;
    digits = new char[capacity];
    memcpy( digits, olddigits, oldCap );
    memset( digits + oldCap, 0, oldCap );
    delete [] olddigits;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator++()
{
    operator+=( 1 );
    return *this;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator++( int )
{
    return operator++();
}

BigInt BigInt::operator--()
{
    operator-=( 1 );
    return *this;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator--( int )
{
    return operator--();
}

BigInt BigInt::operator-()
{
    BigInt result( *this );
    result.sign *= -1;
    return result;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator+( int n )
{
    BigInt result( *this );
    result += n;
    return result;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator+( BigInt n )
{
    BigInt result( *this );
    result += n;
    return result;
}

BigInt &BigInt::operator+=( int n )
{
    if( size == capacity ) grow();

    int nsign = sig( n );
    if( !nsign ) return *this;
    if( !sign ) sign = nsign;
    if( sign == nsign )
    {
        n *= nsign;
        int carry = 0;
        int i;
        for( i = 0; n || carry; i++ )
        {
            int dig = n % 10;
            int newdig = digits[i] + dig + carry;
            digits[i] = newdig % 10;
            carry = newdig / 10;
            n /= 10;
        }
        size = max( i, size );
    }
    else operator-=( -n );
    return *this;
}

BigInt &BigInt::operator+=( BigInt n )
{
    int maxS = max( size, n.size ) + 1;
    while( maxS >= capacity ) grow();        //FIXME: this is stupid

    if( !n.sign ) return *this;
    if( !sign ) sign = n.sign;
    if( sign == n.sign )
    {
        int carry = 0;
        int i;
        for( i = 0; i < maxS - 1 || carry; i++ )
        {
            int newdig = carry;
            if( i < size ) newdig += digits[i];
            if( i < n.size ) newdig += n.digits[i];
            digits[i] = newdig % 10;
            carry = newdig / 10;
        }
        size = max( i, size );
    }
    else
    {
        n.sign *= -1;
        operator-=( n );
        n.sign *= -1;
    }
    return *this;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator-( int n )
{
    BigInt result( *this );
    result -= n;
    return result;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator-( BigInt n )
{
    BigInt result( *this );
    result -= n;
    return result;
}

BigInt &BigInt::operator-=( int n )
{
    if( size == capacity ) grow();

    int nsign = sig( n );
    if( !nsign ) return *this;
    if( !sign ) sign = 1;
    if( sign == nsign )
    {
        BigInt bin = n;
        if( sign >= 0 && *this < bin || sign < 0 && *this > bin )
        {
            // Subtracting a bigger number
            operator=( toInt() - n );
            return *this;
        }

        n *= nsign;
        int carry = 0;
        int i;
        for( i = 0; n || carry; i++ )
        {
            int dig = n % 10;
            int newdig = digits[i] - dig + carry;
            if( newdig < 0 ) newdig += 10, carry = -1;
            else carry = 0;
            digits[i] = newdig;
            n /= 10;
        }
        normalize();
    }
    else operator+=( -n );
    return *this;
}

BigInt &BigInt::operator-=( BigInt n )
{
    int maxS = max( size, n.size ) + 1;
    while( maxS >= capacity ) grow();        //FIXME: this is stupid

    if( !n.sign ) return *this;
    if( !sign ) sign = 1;
    if( sign == n.sign )
    {
        if( sign >= 0 && *this < n || sign < 0 && *this > n ) 
        {
            // Subtracting a bigger number
            BigInt tmp = n;
            tmp -= *this;
            *this = tmp;
            sign = -sign;
            return *this;
        }

        int carry = 0;
        int i;
        for( i = 0; i < maxS - 1; i++ )
        {
            int newdig = carry;
            if( i < size ) newdig += digits[i];
            if( i < n.size ) newdig -= n.digits[i];
            if( newdig < 0 ) newdig += 10, carry = -1;
            else carry = 0;
            digits[i] = newdig;
        }
        if( carry )     // Subtracted a bigger number, need to flip sign
        {
            if( i ) digits[0] = 10 - digits[0];
            size = ( i ? 1 : 0 );
            for( int j = 1; j < i; j++ )
            {
                digits[j] = 9 - digits[j];
                if( digits[i] ) size = j + 1;
            }
            sign *= -1;
        }
        normalize();
    }
    else
    {
        n.sign *= -1;
        operator+=( n );
        n.sign *= -1;
    }
    return *this;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator*( int n )
{
    BigInt result( 0, size + ( int )sizeof( n ) * 8 );
    int nsign = sig( n );
    n *= nsign;
    result.sign = sign * nsign;
    if( !result.sign ) return result;

    int i, j;
    for( i = 0; n; i++ )
    {
        int dig = n % 10;
        if( dig )
        {
            int carry = 0;
            for( j = 0; j < size || carry; j++ )
            {
                int newDig = result.digits[i + j] + ( j < size ? dig * digits[j] : 0 ) + carry;
                result.digits[i + j] = newDig % 10;
                carry = newDig / 10;
            }
        }
        n /= 10;
    }
    result.size = i + j - 1;
    return result;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator*( BigInt n )
{
    BigInt result( 0, size + n.size );

    result.sign = sign * n.sign;
    if( !result.sign ) return result;

    int i, j;
    for( i = 0; i < n.size; i++ )
    {
        if( n.digits[i] )
        {
            int carry = 0;
            for( j = 0; j < size || carry; j++ )
            {
                int newDig =
                    result.digits[i + j] +
                    ( j < size ? n.digits[i] * digits[j] : 0 ) +
                    carry;
                result.digits[i + j] = newDig % 10;
                carry = newDig / 10;
            }
        }
    }
    result.size = i + j - 1;

    return result;
}

void BigInt::operator*=( int n )
{
    operator=( operator*( n ) );
}

void BigInt::operator*=( BigInt n )
{
    operator=( operator*( n ) );
}

BigInt BigInt::operator/( int n )
{
    if( !n ) n /= n;        //XXX: force a crash

    BigInt result( *this );
    result /= n;
    return result;
}

BigInt BigInt::operator/( BigInt n )
{
    if( !n ) n.size /= n.size;       //XXX: force a crash

    BigInt result( *this );
    result /= n;
    return result;
}

void BigInt::operator/=( int n )
{
    divide( n );
}

void BigInt::operator/=( BigInt n )
{
    divide( n );
}

int BigInt::operator%( int n )
{
    BigInt tmp( *this );
    return tmp.divide( n );
}

void BigInt::operator%=( int n )
{
    operator=( divide( n ) );
}

BigInt BigInt::operator%( BigInt n )
{
    BigInt tmp( *this );
    return tmp.divide( n );
}

void BigInt::operator%=( BigInt n )
{
    operator=( divide( n ) );
}

int BigInt::divide( int n )
{
    if( !n ) n /= n;        //XXX: force a crash

    int nsign = sig( n );
    n *= nsign;
    if( !sign ) return 0;
    sign *= nsign;

    int tmp = 0;
    for( int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
    {
        tmp *= 10;
        tmp += digits[i];
        digits[i] = tmp / n;
        tmp -= digits[i] * n;
    }
    normalize();
    return tmp;
}

BigInt BigInt::divide( BigInt n )
{
    if( !n ) n.size /= n.size;         //XXX: force a crash

    if( !sign ) return 0;
    sign *= n.sign;

    int oldSign = n.sign;
    n.sign = 1;

    BigInt tmp( 0, size );
    for( int i = size - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
    {
        tmp *= 10;
        tmp += digits[i];
        digits[i] = 0;
        while( tmp >= n ) { tmp -= n; digits[i]++; }
    }
    normalize();

    n.sign = oldSign;

    return tmp;
}

// This is only exact to the first 15 or so digits, but it is
// never an over-estimate
BigInt BigInt::operator*( long double n )
{
    // the number of digits after the decimal point to use
    int DIGS_AFTER_DOT = 15;

    int nsign = sig( n );
    n *= nsign;
    int ndigs = n >= 1 ? ( int )log10( n ) + 1 : 0;
    BigInt result( 0, size + ndigs );
    result.sign = sign * nsign;
    if( !result.sign ) return result;

    if( n >= 1 ) for( int i = 0; i < ndigs; i++ ) n /= 10;
    result.size = 0;

    char afterDot[DIGS_AFTER_DOT + 1];
    memset( afterDot, 0, sizeof( afterDot ) );

    // Keep going until the DIGS_AFTER_DOT'th digit after the decimal point
    for( int i = ndigs - 1; i >= -DIGS_AFTER_DOT; i-- )
    {