<!-- ##### SECTION Title ##### -->Unicode Manipulation<!-- ##### SECTION Short_Description ##### -->functions operating on Unicode characters and UTF-8 strings.<!-- ##### SECTION Long_Description ##### --><para>This section describes a number of functions for dealing withUnicode characters and strings.  There are analogues of thetraditional <filename>ctype.h</filename> character classificationand case conversion functions, UTF-8 analogues of some string utility functions, functions to perform normalization, case conversion andcollation on UTF-8 strings and finally functions to convert betweenthe UTF-8, UTF-16 and UCS-4 encodings of Unicode.</para><para>The implementations of the Unicode functions in GLib are basedon the Unicode Character Data tables, which are available from<ulink url="http://www.unicode.org">www.unicode.org</ulink>.GLib 2.8 supports Unicode 4.0, GLib 2.10 supports Unicode 4.1,GLib 2.12 supports Unicode 5.0.</para><!-- ##### SECTION See_Also ##### --><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term>g_locale_to_utf8(), g_locale_from_utf8()</term><listitem><para>Convenience functions for converting between UTF-8 and the locale encoding. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist></para><!-- ##### SECTION Stability_Level ##### --><!-- ##### TYPEDEF gunichar ##### --><para>A type which can hold any UCS-4 character code. </para><!-- ##### TYPEDEF gunichar2 ##### --><para>A type which can hold any UTF-16 code point<footnote id="utf16_surrogate_pairs">UTF-16 also has so called <firstterm>surrogate pairs</firstterm> to encode characters beyond the BMP as pairs of 16bit numbers. Surrogate pairs cannot be stored in a single gunichar2 field, but all GLib functions accepting gunichar2 arrays will correctly interpret surrogate pairs.</footnote>.</para><!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_validate ##### --><para></para>@ch: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isalnum ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isalpha ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_iscntrl ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isdigit ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isgraph ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_islower ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isprint ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_ispunct ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isspace ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isupper ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isxdigit ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_istitle ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_isdefined ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_iswide ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_iswide_cjk ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_toupper ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_tolower ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_totitle ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_digit_value ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_xdigit_value ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### ENUM GUnicodeType ##### --><para>These are the possible character classifications.See <ulink url="http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.html">http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.html</ulink>.</para>@G_UNICODE_CONTROL: @G_UNICODE_FORMAT: @G_UNICODE_UNASSIGNED: @G_UNICODE_PRIVATE_USE: @G_UNICODE_SURROGATE: @G_UNICODE_LOWERCASE_LETTER: @G_UNICODE_MODIFIER_LETTER: @G_UNICODE_OTHER_LETTER: @G_UNICODE_TITLECASE_LETTER: @G_UNICODE_UPPERCASE_LETTER: @G_UNICODE_COMBINING_MARK: @G_UNICODE_ENCLOSING_MARK: @G_UNICODE_NON_SPACING_MARK: @G_UNICODE_DECIMAL_NUMBER: @G_UNICODE_LETTER_NUMBER: @G_UNICODE_OTHER_NUMBER: @G_UNICODE_CONNECT_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_DASH_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_CLOSE_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_FINAL_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_INITIAL_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_OTHER_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_OPEN_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_CURRENCY_SYMBOL: @G_UNICODE_MODIFIER_SYMBOL: @G_UNICODE_MATH_SYMBOL: @G_UNICODE_OTHER_SYMBOL: @G_UNICODE_LINE_SEPARATOR: @G_UNICODE_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR: @G_UNICODE_SPACE_SEPARATOR: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_type ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### ENUM GUnicodeBreakType ##### --><para>These are the possible line break classifications.The five Hangul types were added in Unicode 4.1, so, has beenintroduced in GLib 2.10.  Note that new types may be added in the future.Applications should be ready to handle unknown values.They may be regarded as %G_UNICODE_BREAK_UNKNOWN.See <ulink url="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr14/">http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr14/</ulink>.</para>@G_UNICODE_BREAK_MANDATORY: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_CARRIAGE_RETURN: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_LINE_FEED: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_COMBINING_MARK: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_SURROGATE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_ZERO_WIDTH_SPACE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_INSEPARABLE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_NON_BREAKING_GLUE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_CONTINGENT: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_SPACE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_AFTER: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_BEFORE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_BEFORE_AND_AFTER: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_HYPHEN: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_NON_STARTER: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_OPEN_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_CLOSE_PUNCTUATION: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_QUOTATION: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_EXCLAMATION: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_IDEOGRAPHIC: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_NUMERIC: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_INFIX_SEPARATOR: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_SYMBOL: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_ALPHABETIC: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_PREFIX: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_POSTFIX: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_COMPLEX_CONTEXT: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_AMBIGUOUS: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_UNKNOWN: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_NEXT_LINE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_WORD_JOINER: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_L_JAMO: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_V_JAMO: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_T_JAMO: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_LV_SYLLABLE: @G_UNICODE_BREAK_HANGUL_LVT_SYLLABLE: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_break_type ##### --><para></para>@c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unicode_canonical_ordering ##### --><para></para>@string: @len: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unicode_canonical_decomposition ##### --><para></para>@ch: @result_len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_get_mirror_char ##### --><para></para>@ch: @mirrored_ch: @Returns: <!-- ##### MACRO g_utf8_next_char ##### --><para>Skips to the next character in a UTF-8 string. The string must bevalid; this macro is as fast as possible, and has no error-checking.You would use this macro to iterate over a string character bycharacter. The macro returns the start of the next UTF-8 character.Before using this macro, use g_utf8_validate() to validate stringsthat may contain invalid UTF-8.</para>@p: Pointer to the start of a valid UTF-8 character.<!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_get_char ##### --><para></para>@p: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_get_char_validated ##### --><para></para>@p: @max_len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_offset_to_pointer ##### --><para></para>@str: @offset: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_pointer_to_offset ##### --><para></para>@str: @pos: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_prev_char ##### --><para></para>@p: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_find_next_char ##### --><para></para>@p: @end: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_find_prev_char ##### --><para></para>@str: @p: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strlen ##### --><para></para>@p: @max: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strncpy ##### --><para></para>@dest: @src: @n: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strchr ##### --><para></para>@p: @len: @c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strrchr ##### --><para></para>@p: @len: @c: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strreverse ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_validate ##### --><para></para>@str: @max_len: @end: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strup ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_strdown ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_casefold ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_normalize ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @mode: @Returns: <!-- ##### ENUM GNormalizeMode ##### --><para>Defines how a Unicode string is transformed in a canonical form, standardizing such issues as whether a character with an accent is represented as a base character and combining accent or as a single precomposedcharacter. Unicode strings should generally be normalized before comparing them.</para>@G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT: standardize differences that do not affect the  text content, such as the above-mentioned accent representation.@G_NORMALIZE_NFD: another name for %G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT.@G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT_COMPOSE: like %G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT, but with composed  forms rather than a maximally decomposed form.@G_NORMALIZE_NFC: another name for %G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT_COMPOSE.@G_NORMALIZE_ALL: beyond %G_NORMALIZE_DEFAULT also standardize the   "compatibility" characters in Unicode, such as SUPERSCRIPT THREE to the   standard forms (in this case DIGIT THREE). Formatting information may be   lost but for most text operations such characters should be considered the   same.@G_NORMALIZE_NFKD: another name for %G_NORMALIZE_ALL.@G_NORMALIZE_ALL_COMPOSE: like %G_NORMALIZE_ALL, but with composed  forms rather than a maximally decomposed form.@G_NORMALIZE_NFKC: another name for %G_NORMALIZE_ALL_COMPOSE.<!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_collate ##### --><para></para>@str1: @str2: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_collate_key ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_collate_key_for_filename ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_to_utf16 ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_read: @items_written: @error: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_to_ucs4 ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_read: @items_written: @error: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf8_to_ucs4_fast ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_written: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf16_to_ucs4 ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_read: @items_written: @error: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_utf16_to_utf8 ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_read: @items_written: @error: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_ucs4_to_utf16 ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_read: @items_written: @error: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_ucs4_to_utf8 ##### --><para></para>@str: @len: @items_read: @items_written: @error: @Returns: <!-- ##### FUNCTION g_unichar_to_utf8 ##### --><para></para>@c: @outbuf: @Returns: