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<a href="http://blacksun.box.sk" target="_blank">http://blacksun.box.sk</a>
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/ <a href="mailto:black_mesa@gmx.de">Martin L.</a> I_____________________________I <a herf="mailto:Njan@anrki.com" href="mailto:Njan@anrki.com">Njan</a> \
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version 1.1,<br>
Converted to HTML by <a
href="mailto:penguin20000@yahoo.com">Penguin</a>, optimized by <a href="mailto:black_mesa@gmx.de">Martin
L.</a><br>
<br>
This isn't so much a tutorial, as it doesn't actually teach you much.. It's more
a text on hardware for those of you sick of newbie tutorials, and looking for
something interesting and non-dangerous. This is mainly about motherboard stuff,
but I stuck something about HDs, mice and Gfx cards at the end. Hey, if people
like it and tell me, I might even stretch and do al the other computer bits and
bobs. ;) <br>
<br>
<b><u>
<h2>Content</h2>
</u></b>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#bios">The Bios</a><br>
(I) Functions<br>
(II) Static + Passwords
<li><a
href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#processors">Processors</a><br>
(I) Fetch-Execute<br>
(II) Clock Ticks<br>
(III) Funky Athlon fridge chip.
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#clock">The Clock</a><br>
(I) What does it look like?<br>
(II) Waves<br>
(III) Some ASCII Art. ;)<br>
(IV) What is Digital? (unrelated to Microns, but hey.)<br>
(V) Howcome Digital can't be conceived in real life?<br>
(VI) What does digital represent?<br>
(VII) What is Binary?<br>
(VIII) How do I translate between number systems?<br>
(IX) sums?<br>
(X) Use Wincalc.
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#chipset">Chipset</a><br>
(I) A what?<br>
(II) Assembler and Machine Code<br>
(III) Intel ones.
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#microns">Microns</a><br>
(I) Moore's Law<br>
(II) Predictions / Intel. V. AMD. (Go, AMD!)
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#hard">Hard Drives</a><br>
(I) Origin<br>
(II) How they work<br>
(III) FIrst computer
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#mice">Mice</a><br>
(I) Rollers<br>
(II) Cleaning<br>
(III) Keyboard crud
<li><a href="http://blacksun.box.sk/hardware.html#gfx">Gfx Cards</a><br>
(I) Built in v. NOT<br>
(II) Components<br>
(III) Stay away from S3s! warning<br>
(IV) 3D and 2D cards </li>
</ul>
<b><u><a name=#bios>The BIOS.</a></u></b><br>
This contains instructions which are specific for that particular motherboard.
Those programs and instructions will remain in the PC throughout its life; usually
they are not altered. However, it is possible to get replacement / upgrade BIOS's.
Primarily the ROM code holds start-up instructions. In fact there are several
different programs inside the start-up instructions, but for most users, they
are all woven together. You can differentiate between:
<pre> * POST (Power On Self Test)
* The Setup instructions, which connect with the CMOS instructions
* BIOS instructions, which connect with the various hardware peripherals
* The Boot instructions, which call the operating system (DOS, OS/2, or Windows)</pre>
<br>
Note: Only very old or different OS's are stored on ROM, such as OS/2. This is
actually a much more efficient system.<br>
BIOS's are static sensitive, so take care when handling them. They can also be
PWord protected... if you ever get round to doing this, don't forget the password.
As you don't use the BIOS PWord often, this is easy to do. Don't. it's bloody
hard getting the PWord back. <br>
<br>
<b><u><a name=#processors>Processors</a></u></b><br>
Processors work on a fetch-execute cycle. each tick of the clock, in theory, they
get a bit of data... and by tick of the clock here, we don't mean a second, we
mean the tick of a computer clock. Depending on the speed of your processor, this
is anywhere from 233 million ticks per second for a 233, to 800 for an overclocked
600MHz Athlon chip. <br>
So, you can get, on your average computer, 400 - 500 bits of data per second.
Well, wrong actually... because not every clock tick is taken up by getting the
data. Every _fourth_ is. Well, what about every other 3? you ask.. they are taken
up with _finding_ the data, _getting_ it, and putting it back. So, you say, your
processor runs at a quarter of the speed that in theory it should be able to do?
Well, yes. And there's no way around this, unfortunately. But, we can make the
clock speed a little faster, and it is the clock speed that dictates the speed
of the processor... (within reason). <br>
Therefore, you can set the clock ticks on your 233 to 266, and it'll run at 166
MHz. Yes. Unfortunately, the more clock ticks there are in relation to what your
chip is _supposed_ to run at, the hotter it Gets. Therefore, you need to install
heatsyncs/fans. In fact, the AMD Athlon 600MHz overclocked to 800MHz, the fastest
PC at the time of writing has a minature fridge that cools the chip, which is
its own special metal box. The tower-sized case also has a box the size of a mini-tower
underneath for the cooling system. ;) <br>
For this increase in temperature of 200MHz, the chip is cooled to -37 degrees
centigrade. that's cold. ;) (Note: AMD chips generally run a lot hotter than Intel
ones). ((Not a problem unless u have no heatsync)) - see the micron section, below...<br>
<br>
<br>
<b><u><a name=#clock>The Clock</a></u></b><br>
Now, this fabled clock looks like, in most cases, a small black box on your motherboard.
The clock ticks it emitts are in the form of a wave <like oscilloscope an on see
you?d what>, but a different wave: one that is sqare, and it looks like a castle
ramparts. the speed of this is dictated by the MHx setting you set with the Jumpers
on your motherboard. The waves look like so: (except slightly more square)
<pre> __ _ ____ _ _ ___
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