]*> Press [X] to Abort / [CR] to Continue: []*> Title:   Hacking UNIX*> Date:    6/10/89*> Time:    12:20 pm     /|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\/|\     \|/                                                      \|/     /|\                                                      /|\     \|/        An Indepth Guide in Hacking UNIX and the      \|/      /|\           concept of Basic Networking Utility        /|\     \|/        ----------------------------------------      \|/     /|\                   By:Red Knight                      /|\     \|/        Phreakers/Hackers Underground Network         \|/     /|\                                                      /|\     \|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/\|/Brief history on UNIX----------------------Its because of Ken Tompson that today were able to Hack Unix.He used to workfor Bell Labs in the 60s.Tompson started out using the MULTICS OS which waslater eliminated and Tompson was left without an operating system to work with.Tompson had to come up with something real quick.He did some research andand in 1969 UNIX came out,which was a single user and it didn't havemany capabilities.A combined effort with others he rewrote the versionin C and added some good features.This version was out in 1973 and wasavailable to the public.This was the first begining of UNIX as its known      presently.The more refined version of UNIX,today know as UNIX system V      developed by Berkley University has unique capabilities.Various types of UNIXes are CPIX,Berkeley Ver 4.1,Berkeley 4.2,FOS,Genix,HP-UX,IS/I,OSx,PC-IX,PERPOS,Sys3,Ultrix,Zeus,Xenix,UNITY,VENIX,UTS,Unisys,Uniplus+,UNOS,Idris,QNIX,Coherent,Cromix,System III,System 7,Sixth edition.The article it self:--------------------I believe that hacking into any system requires knowledge of the Operatingsystem itself.Basically what I will try to do is make you more familiar withUNIX  operation ,its usefull commands that will be advantageous to you as a  hacker.This article contains in depth explainations.                      Error Messages that one may came across:[UNIX system V]----------------------------------------Login incorrect - An ivalid ID and/or pw was entered.This means nothing.                  In UNIX there is no way guessing valid user IDs.You may                       come across this one when trying to get in.No more logins - will happens when the system wont accept anymore logins                 could be going down            Unknown Id - will happen if an ivalid id is entered using (su) commandUnexpected eof in file - The file being stripped file has been damagedYour password has expired - This is quiet rare although there have been cases                            where it happened.Reading the etc/passwd will                            show you at how many intervals it changes.You may not change the password - The password has not yet aged enough.The                                  Administrator set the quotas for the usersUnknown group [groups name] - occurs when chgrp is executed ,group doesn't                              existSorry - Indicated that you have typed in an invalid super user password(execu-        tion of the su)Permission denied!- Indicated you must be the owner or a super user to change                    password.Sorry <[# of weeks] since last change - This will happen when password has                                            has not aged enough and you tried to                                        change it(passwd)[directory name]:no permission - You are trying to remove a directory which                                 you have no permission to.[file name] not removed - trying to delete a file owned by another user                          that you dont have write pemision for. [dirname] not removed - ownership of the dir is not your that your trying to                          delete. [dirname] not empty - the directory contains files so you must have to delete                      the files before executing the rmdir [command] not found - you have entered an ivalid command not know to UNIXcant execute pwd - some thing wrong with the system cant execute pwd commandcannot chdir to .. -   (.. one level up) permision is required to execute pwd                       above the current directorycant open [file name] - defined wrong path,file name or you have no read                        permissioncp:[file name] and [file name] are identical - self explanatory  cannot locate parent directory - occurs when using mv[file name] not found - file which your trying to move doesn't exsistYou have mail - Self explanatoryBasic Networking Utility error messages---------------------------------------cu:not found - networking not installedlogin failed - invalid id/pw or wrong # specifieddial failed - the systen never answered due to a wrong #uucp completely failed - did not specify file after -swrong time to call - you called at the time at a time not specified in the                     Systems filesystem not in systems - you called a remote not in the systems fileLogon format : first thing one must do is switch to lower case--------------Identifing a UNIX.Here is what you'll see:Some times there will be no system identifer                             AT&T UNIX SysVR3.0 (eg of a system identifier)login: orLogin:Any of these is a UNIX.Here is where you will have to guess at a user validid.Here are some that I have come across eg( glr,glt,radgo,rml,chester,cat,lom,cora,hlto,hwill,edcasey and also some containing numbers smith1,mitu6 orspecial characters in it like bremer$,j#fox.Login names have to be 3 to 8chracters in lenght lowercase and must start with a letter.In some XENIXsystems one may login as "guest"User level accounts:(lower case)-------------------- In Unix they have whats called accounts .Theseaccounts can be used at the "login:" prompt.Here is a list:sysbintroubledaemonuucpnuucp  rjelpadmlisten - if starlan is installedSuper-user accounts:--------------------And then there are super-user login which make UNIX worth hacking.   The accounts are used for a specific job. In large systems these loginsare assingned to users who have a responsibilty to maintain subsystems.They are as follows :(all lower case)root       -  this is a must the system comes configured with it.It has no              restriction.Has power over every other account.unmountsys -  unmounts filessetup      -  system set upmakefsys   -  makes a new filesysadm     -  allows useful S.A commands(doesn't need root login)powerdown  -  powering system downmountfsys  -  mounts filescheckfsys  -  checks fileThese accounts will definitly have passwords assigned to them.Theseaccounts are also commands used by the system administrator.Here are some examples of accounts I have seen:cron         uuhelp     usenetanonuccp     news       networkbellboy      lp         vectorguest        games      ninjavote         warble     sysinfoAfter the login prompt you will receive a password prompt:password:  orPassword:    Enter the password (it wont echo).The password rule is as follows:Each pwhas to contain at least 6 characters and maximum has to be 8 .Two of which areto be alphabetic letters and at least one being a number or a special characterThe alphabetic digits could be in upper case or lower case.Here are some of thepasswords that I have seen (eg.Ansuya1,PLAT00N6,uFo/78,ShAsHi..,Div417co)The passwords for the super user accounts will be difficult to hacktry  the accounts interchangebly eg.login:sysadm password:makefsys or rje1,sysop,sysop1,bin4 or they might contain letter,numbers,special chracters inthem.It could be anything.The user passwords are changed by an aging proccessat successive intervals.The users are forced to changed it.The super-userwill pick a password that wont need changing for a long period of time.You have made it! ----------------- The hard part is over and hopefully you have hacked a super-user account.Remember Control-d stops a process and also logs you off.The next thing you'll probably see is the system newseg.login:john password:hacker1        System news                 There will be no networking offered to the users tillaugust 15,due to hardware problems.             (just an example)$$ is the Unix prompt -waiting for a command to be entered.I will use this                      throught the article to show outouts etc..(Its not                      part of the command)# - means your logged in as root(very good)A word about the XENIX System III:(run on the tandy 6000)---------------------------------                  The largest weakness in the XENIX System III occurs after the installationof the Profile-16 or more commonly know as the filepro-16.I have seen the     filepro-16 installed in many systems.          The installation process creates an entry in the password file for a user  named \fBprofile\fR ,an account that who owns and administors the database.The great thing about it is that when the account is created ,no password isassigned to it.The database contains executable to maintain it.The databasecreation programs perform a \fBsetuid\fR to boot up the \fBoot\fR  there by giving a person the whole C Shell to gain Super User privilege same as root.Intresting huh!                     * Note: First the article will inform you of how the Unix is made upThe Unix is made if three components-The shell,the kernal,file system. The kernal:-----------You could say that the kernal is the heart of the Unix operating system.The kernal is a low level language lower than the shell which maintainsprocesses .The kernal handles memory usage ,maintains file systemthe sofware and hardware devices. The shell:----------The shell a higher level language. The shell had two important uses,to act as command interpreture for example using commands like cat,who,       ls the the shell is at work figuring out whether you have entered a commandcorrectly or not.The second most important reason for the shell is its abilityto be used as programing language.Suppose your performing some tasks      repeatedly over and over again,You can program the shell to do this for you.         The file system:   ---------------The file system in Unix is divede into 3 catagories:Directories,ordinary filesand special files.(d,-)          Basic stucture:        (/)-this is abreviation for the root dirctory.  root level                      root                                  (/)                                  system-------------------------------------|----------------------------------level|      |        |         |                  |        |       |        |/unix   /etc    /dev      /tmp               /lib     /usr    /usr2    /bin        |                                        _____|_____login passwd                                     |    |    |level                                            /john  /cathy                                 ________________________|_______________                            |        |     |      |        |        |                        .profile   /mail  /pers  /games   /bin     /michelle*.profile - in case                        |    __|______  |      __|_______ you wich to change your enviroment     capital |        | data   |         |but after you log off.It sets to              othello  starwars letter letter1default.                                     the /unix-is the kernal/etc - contains system administrators files,Most are not available to the       regular user.(this directory contains the /passwd file)    Here are some files under /etc directory:    /etc/passwd    /etc/utmp    /etc/adm/sulog    /etc/motd    /etc/group    /etc/conf    /etc/profile  /dev - contains files for physical devices such as printer and the disk drives/tmp - temporary file directory/lib - dirctory that contains programs for high level languages/usr - this directory contains dirctories for each user on the system     Eg. of a list of files under /usr    /usr/tmp    /usr/lib    /usr/docs    /usr/news    /usr/spool     /usr/spool/lp    /usr/lib/uucp/bin - contain executable programs (commands)The root also contains:                                                       /bck - used to mount a back up file system./install - Used to install and remove utilities/lost+found - This is where all the removed files go,This dir is used by fsck              (1M)/save -A utility used to save data/mnt - Used for temporary mounting**Now the fun part scouting around**                 Local commands (Explained in details)                 -------------------------------------At the unix prompt type the pwd command-it will show you the current workingdirectory you are in.$ pwd$ /usr/admin - assuming that you have hacked into a super user acc checkfsys$This gives you the full login directory.The / before tell you the locationof the root directory                     or(REFER TO THE DIAGRAM ABOVE)$ pwd$ /usr/john   $Assuming you have hacked into johns acc.Now lets say you wanted to move down to the michelle directory( you own this)that contains letters.You would type in$ cd michelle or cd usr/john/michelle$ pwd$ /usr/john/michelle$Going back one directory up type in:$ cd ..or going to your parent directory just type in "cd"      Listing file directories assuming you are in the parent directory:$ ls /usr/johnmailpersgames        binmichelleThis wont give you the .profile file .To view it type$ cd$ ls -a::.profileTo list file names in michelles directory type in:$ ls michelle (that if your in the johns directory)$ ls /usr/john/michelle(parent dir)ls -l            -----             The ls -l is an an important command in unix.This command displays the wholedirectory in long format :Run this in parent directory$ ls -ltotal 60-rwxr-x---    5 john      bluebox    10 april 9  7:04  maildrwx------    7 john      bluebox    30 april 2  4:09  pers     :            :         :         :     :      :    :     :            :         :         :     :      :    :-rwxr-x---     6 cathy    bluebox    13 april 1  13:00 partys     :            :         :         :     :      :    :$   The total 60 tells one the ammount of disk space used in a directory.The