has recently been developed that will not allow a user to  select          an  obvious password.176   Encryption  programs,  similar to  the          program used on Unix operating system, can scramble a password in          a non reversible  manner so that if the  encrypted password falls          into the hands of an individual who is not supposed to access the          system, the  person will  not  be able  to get  into the  system.          These systems can also be used so that if a hacker does  get into          a   computer  system  and   attempts  to  get   information,  the          information will not be readable.177               A    problem  that must  be  address  is  the  lack of  laws          concerning copyright protection of  computer programs in  foreign          countries.    The  Pakistan Brain178  was  written  to discourage          copying of a program without authorization.  By creating pirating          penalties a reason  for the creation of computer  viruses will be          removed and less viruses will be created.179               Many in the field argue that computer programs should not be          copyrighted.180    Copyright protection  should  not  be afforded          to   computer   programs   since  they   are   only  mathematical          equations.181   Copyright  protection  should  be  given  to  the          maker  of  a computer  programmer  only  for  a short  period  of          time.182               A novel concept which will both satisfy the computer hackers          quest  for  knowledge  through  examining  computer  systems  and          protect the integrity of computer systems is to create a computer          systems for  the use  of hackers alone.183   This  computer would          not be connected  to other computer systems, but  can be accessed          through  a modem.184   If  created,  accounts would  be given  to          all  interested computer  enthusiasts.  Those  participating will          not  be  prosecuted  for  exploring  unauthorized  areas  of  the          system.185     Since   other  computer   systems   will  not   be          accessible through  this system, any activity on this system will          not endanger  the information on  other systems.186   By allowing          this to be done, a major problem will be solved, the inability to          afford to  buy a mainframe system,  while a person  will still be          able to learn about different types of systems.               If any  laws are to  be made, they should  make "knowing"187          or  "intentionally"188   unauthorized access  into  a computer  a          crime.   By making  the intent of  the crime be  knowing, it will          allow those who accidently connect to a computer system that they          think is theirs but is not to be excused from punishment.               The law must also be done in a way that will allow it to  be          enforced  across  national  boundaries.   A  computer  hacker can          access  computers from across the world  without ever leaving his          home  country.189   If these  laws  can only  be enforced  within          the home country, then a person can, in theory, go into a country          of whose computers that  he would never want to access and access          into other computers without fear of punishment.190               An international  convention should  be convened  to address          this problem.  Since the  problem is of international concern and          the crimes do occur across  the boarders of countries, by setting          standards by the international  community concerning the  conduct          of computer users, the hodgepodge  of computer crime laws will be          eradicated in favor  of a common international standard.   As the          boundaries in Western  Europe disappear in anticipation  of 1992,          international access is sure to accelerate.               Colleges,  Universities  and  high  schools  must  institute          programs  designed to address  proper computer use.191   Although          not all  computer users are  not trained in school,  teaching the          ethical use of computers will  allow users to understand the need          for security  on systems.   These programs  will also  show users          that  computer  crime  is  dangerous  to  society.192    Problems          concerning computer  crime  should be  publicized  so as  not  to          mystify the crime.193               The  United  States  and other  countries  must  create more          Computer  Emergency Response Teams  (CERT).   These teams  are to          coordinate   community   responses   to   emergency   situations,          coordinate responsibility for fixing hole in computer systems and          serve  as a  focal  point  for  discussions  concerning  computer          systems.194    These  groups regularly  post  notices  concerning          computer  viruses or  other  dangers  in  the  Internet  computer          system.  The scope of these groups should be expanded so they may          be  a  focal point  of the  needs  and desires  of those  who use          computers.  If  they are used to gather information as a clearing          house  type  operation,  the  spread  of  information  concerning          computer  systems  and problems  with  the systems  will  be more          adequately addressed.          IV.  Conclusion               Computer crime is a growing problem.  With the advent of the          computer and a more computer literate public, crimes committed by          computers will  increase.   To effectively  address the  problem,          laws  must be  created to  outlaw activity  which is  designed to          further illegitimate  ends.  These  laws have moved in  the right          direction concerning what should be  outlaws so as to balance the          needs of computer users against those of the computer owners.  To          enforce these  laws, governments must realize that the problem of          computer crime is not only of local concern.               Educational programs and standards of ethics must be created          from within the computer users community.  Corporations which use          computers  must educate their  employees to reduce  the fear that          one  might  have  when  addressing  a  computer  security  issue.          Copyright laws must  be strengthened in countries  that either do          not have  or have weak copyright laws so  that the need to create          viruses to protect an individual's or corporation's work will  no          longer be necessary.               To  satisfy users  curiosity  with  computers, a  non-secure          computer system should be created.   This system will allow those          who wish  to explore a  system in order to  understand the system          may.    Those   individuals  can  do  so  without   the  fear  of          prosecution.               Only by directly addressing the causes of computer crime and          drafting standards and  laws to address the unique  area will the          problem of computer crime be adequately addressed.  Light must be          shined on  the area so individuals will  realize that fear of the          machines  is not justified.   Only by  doing so may  we enter the          21st century realizing the full potential of computers.                                      Appendix A          Ghana Computer Crime Law (Proposed)          Computer Crime Law          Computer Crime Law          In  pursuance   of  the  Provisional   National  Defense  Council          (Establishment) Proclamation 1981, this Law is hereby made:          1.   Any person who, with intent to defraud,               (a)  alters, damages, destroys or otherwise manipulates data          or program stored in or used in connection with a computer, or               (b)  obtains  by any means, information stored in a computer          and uses it to his advantage or to another  person's advantage to          the disadvantage of any other person, or               (c)  uses a computer          commits an offense.          Charge:   Computer-related fraud.          ALTERNATIVE:               (1)  A  person commits  an offense  if  that person  obtains                    access to a computer program or data, whether stored in                    or used in connection with a  computer or to a part  of                    such program  or data to  erase or otherwise  alter the                    program or data with the intention-                    1.   (a)  of procuring  an  advantage  for  himself  or                         another person: or                         (b)  of damaging another person's interests.          2.   Any  person who, by  any means, without  authority, wilfully               destroys, damages,  injures, alters  or renders  ineffective               data stored in or used in connection with a computer commits               an offense.          Charge:   Damaging Computer data.          3.   Any person who, without authority, knowingly uses a computer               commits and offense.          Charge:   Unauthorized use of a computer.          4.   Any person who, without authority, knowingly gains access to               a computer, computer network, or any part thereof commits an               offense.          Charge:   Unauthorized access to a computer.          5.   Any  person  who,   knowingly  and  dishonestly  introduces,               records  or  stores, or  causes  to be  recorded,  stored or               introduced into a computer or computer network by any means,               false or misleading information as data commits an offense.          Charge:   Insertion of false information as data.          ALTERNATIVE:               (5)  A person commits an offense if, not having authority to                    obtain  access to a  computer program or  data, whether                    stored in or used in  connection with a computer, or to                    a  part  of such  program  or  data,  he  obtains  such                    unauthorized  access   and  damages   another  person's                    interests by recklessly adding to, erasing or otherwise                    altering the program or the data.          6.   Any person under  a contractual or other  duty to introduce,               record or store authorised data into a computer network, who               negligently  or dishonestly  fails to  introduce, record  or               store, commits an offense.          Charge:   Omission to introduce, record or store data.          ALTERNATIVE               (6)  Any  person  under  a  contractual  or  other  duty  to                    introduce,  record or  store data  into  a computer  or                    computer network  who negligently or  dishonestly fails                    to introduce, record or store, commits an offense.          7.   Any  authorised person who willfully or intentionally allows               information  from a  computer to  get into  the hands  of an               unauthorised  person   who  uses  such  information  to  his               advantage commits an offense.          Charge:   Allowing unauthorised person to use computer data.          8.   A  person guilty  of  an  offense under  this  Law shall  be               liable:-               (a)  on summary conviction,  to imprisonment for a  term not                    exceeding  two years  or to  a  fine not  exceeding the                    statutory maximum or both; or               (b)  on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term                    not  exceeding ten years  or to  an unlimited  fine, or                    both.          9.   A  court in  Ghana  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  entertain               proceedings for  an offense under  this Law, if at  the time               the offense was committed:-               (a)  the accused was in Ghana; or               (b)  the program  or  the  data in  relation  to  which  the                    offence  was committed  was stored  in or  used with  a                                                           or  used with                    computer or computer network in Ghana.                                computer network in Ghana.          10.  In this Law, unless the context otherwise requires:-               "access"  includes  to  log unto,  instruct,  store  data or               programs  in, retrieve data  or programs from,  or otherwise               communicate  with a  computer, or  gain  access to  (whether               directly or with the aid of any device) any data or program.               "computer"   includes  any   device  which  is   capable  of               performing logical,  arithmetical, classifactory,  mnemonic,               storage  or  other  like  functions  by  means  of  optical,               electronic or magnetic signals.               "Computer network"  includes the  interconnection of  two or               more computers, whether geographically separated or in close               proximity or  the interconnection  of communication  systems               with a computer through terminals, whether remote or local.               "Computer program" includes  an instruction or statement  or               series  of instructions or  statements capable of  causing a               computer to indicate, perform, or achieve any function.               "data"  includes  a  representation   in  any  form  whether               tangible or intangible that is capable of being stored in or               retrieved by a computer.                                       ENDNOTES                                       ENDNOTES          1.   Financial Times Limited (London) April, 1990.          2.   See, infra, endnote 36 and accompanying text.                    infra          3.   Stoll, The Cuckoo's Egg (1990).  [hereinafter Stoll].                      The Cuckoo's Egg          4.   Lyons, 13 Are  Charged in Theft of Data  from Computers, New          York Times, August 17, 1990, B2, col. 3.