?? acm classic reflections on trusting trust.mht
字號(hào):
adds a second Trojan horse to the one that already exists. The second =
pattern is=20
aimed at the C compiler. The replacement code is a Stage I =
self-reproducing=20
program that inserts both Trojan horses into the compiler. This requires =
a=20
learning phase as in the Stage II example. First we compile the modified =
source=20
with the normal C compiler to produce a bugged binary. We install this =
binary as=20
the official C. We can now remove the bugs from the source of the =
compiler and=20
the new binary will reinsert the bugs whenever it is compiled. Of =
course, the=20
login command will remain bugged with no trace in source anywhere.=20
<H3>Moral</H3>
<P>The moral is obvious. You can't trust code that you did not totally =
create=20
yourself. (Especially code from companies that employ people like me.) =
No amount=20
of source-level verification or scrutiny will protect you from using =
untrusted=20
code. In demonstrating the possibility of this kind of attack, I picked =
on the C=20
compiler. I could have picked on any program-handling program such as an =
assembler, a loader, or even hardware microcode. As the level of program =
gets=20
lower, these bugs will be harder and harder to detect. A well installed=20
microcode bug will be almost impossible to detect.=20
<P>After trying to convince you that I cannot be trusted, I wish to =
moralize. I=20
would like to criticize the press in its handling of the "hackers," the =
414=20
gang, the Dalton gang, etc. The acts performed by these kids are =
vandalism at=20
best and probably trespass and theft at worst. It is only the inadequacy =
of the=20
criminal code that saves the hackers from very serious prosecution. The=20
companies that are vulnerable to this activity (and most large companies =
are=20
very vulnerable) are pressing hard to update the criminal code. =
Unauthorized=20
access to computer systems is already a serious crime in a few states =
and is=20
currently being addressed in many more state legislatures as well as =
Congress.=20
<P>There is an explosive situation brewing. On the one hand, the press,=20
television, and movies make heroes of vandals by calling them whiz kids. =
On the=20
other hand, the acts performed by these kids will soon be punishable by =
years in=20
prison.=20
<P>I have watched kids testifying before Congress. It is clear that they =
are=20
completely unaware of the seriousness of their acts. There is obviously =
a=20
cultural gap. The act of breaking into a computer system has to have the =
same=20
social stigma as breaking into a neighbor's house. It should not matter =
that the=20
neighbor's door is unlocked. The press must learn that misguided use of =
a=20
computer is no more amazing than drunk driving of an automobile.=20
<H3>Acknowledgment</H3>
<P>I first read of the possibility of such a Trojan horse in an Air =
Force=20
critique (4) of the security of an early implementation of Multics.=20
<H3>References</H3>
<OL>
<LI>Bobrow, D.G., Burchfiel, J.D., Murphy, D.L., and Tomlinson, R.S. =
TENEX, a=20
paged time-sharing system for the PDP-10. Commun. ACM 15, 3 (Mar. =
1972),=20
135-143.=20
<LI>Kernighan, B.W., and Ritchie, D.M. The C Programming Language.=20
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1978.=20
<LI>Ritchie, D.M., and Thompson, K. The UNIX time-sharing system. =
Commun. ACM=20
17, 7(July 1974), 365-375.=20
<LI>Karger, P.A., and Schell, R.R. Multics Security Evaluation: =
Vulnerability=20
Analysis. ESD-TR-74-193, Vol II, June 1974, p 52. =
</LI></OL></BODY></HTML>
------=_NextPart_000_004A_01C9A31C.CF6FEB40
Content-Type: image/gif
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/ken/fig1.gif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?? 快捷鍵說明
復(fù)制代碼
Ctrl + C
搜索代碼
Ctrl + F
全屏模式
F11
切換主題
Ctrl + Shift + D
顯示快捷鍵
?
增大字號(hào)
Ctrl + =
減小字號(hào)
Ctrl + -