>F. <AHREF="command-line-options.html">Command-Line Options</A></DT><DD><DL><DT>F.1. <AHREF="command-line-options.html#STANDARD-OPTIONS">Standard Command-Line Options</A></DT><DT>F.2. <AHREF="bash-options.html">Bash Command-Line Options</A></DT></DL></DD><DT>G. <AHREF="files.html">Important Files</A></DT><DT>H. <AHREF="systemdirs.html">Important System Directories</A></DT><DT>I. <AHREF="localization.html">Localization</A></DT><DT>J. <AHREF="histcommands.html">History Commands</A></DT><DT>K. <AHREF="sample-bashrc.html">A Sample <TTCLASS="FILENAME">.bashrc</TT> File</A></DT><DT>L. <AHREF="dosbatch.html">Converting DOS Batch Files to Shell Scripts</A></DT><DT>M. <AHREF="exercises.html">Exercises</A></DT><DD><DL><DT>M.1. <AHREF="exercises.html#SCRIPTANALYSIS">Analyzing Scripts</A></DT><DT>M.2. <AHREF="writingscripts.html">Writing Scripts</A></DT></DL></DD><DT>N. <AHREF="revisionhistory.html">Revision History</A></DT><DT>O. <AHREF="mirrorsites.html">Mirror Sites</A></DT><DT>P. <AHREF="todolist.html">To Do List</A></DT><DT>Q. <AHREF="copyright.html">Copyright</A></DT><DT>R. <AHREF="asciitable.html">ASCII Table</A></DT><DT><AHREF="xrefindex.html">Index</A></DT></DL></DIV><DIVCLASS="LOT"><DLCLASS="LOT"><DT><B>List of Tables</B></DT><DT>14-1. <AHREF="internal.html#JOBIDTABLE">Job identifiers</A></DT><DT>30-1. <AHREF="options.html#AEN17941">Bash options</A></DT><DT>33-1. <AHREF="opprecedence.html#AEN18385">Operator Precedence</A></DT><DT>33-2. <AHREF="colorizing.html#AEN18768">Numbers representing colors in Escape Sequences</A></DT><DT>B-1. <AHREF="refcards.html#AEN20317">Special Shell Variables</A></DT><DT>B-2. <AHREF="refcards.html#AEN20389">TEST Operators: Binary Comparison</A></DT><DT>B-3. <AHREF="refcards.html#AEN20505">TEST Operators: Files</A></DT><DT>B-4. <AHREF="refcards.html#AEN20641">Parameter Substitution and Expansion</A></DT><DT>B-5. <AHREF="refcards.html#AEN20735">String Operations</A></DT><DT>B-6. <AHREF="refcards.html#AEN20886">Miscellaneous Constructs</A></DT><DT>C-1. <AHREF="sedawk.html#AEN21090">Basic sed operators</A></DT><DT>C-2. <AHREF="sedawk.html#AEN21153">Examples of sed operators</A></DT><DT>D-1. <AHREF="exitcodes.html#AEN21392"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">Reserved</I> Exit Codes</A></DT><DT>L-1. <AHREF="dosbatch.html#AEN22032">Batch file keywords / variables / operators, and their shell equivalents</A></DT><DT>L-2. <AHREF="dosbatch.html#AEN22241">DOS commands and their UNIX equivalents</A></DT><DT>N-1. <AHREF="revisionhistory.html#AEN22979">Revision History</A></DT></DL></DIV><DIVCLASS="LOT"><DLCLASS="LOT"><DT><B>List of Examples</B></DT><DT>2-1. <AHREF="sha-bang.html#EX1"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">cleanup</I>: A script to clean up the log      files in /var/log</A></DT><DT>2-2. <AHREF="sha-bang.html#EX1A"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">cleanup</I>: An improved clean-up      script</A></DT><DT>2-3. <AHREF="sha-bang.html#EX2"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">cleanup</I>: An enhanced      and generalized version of above scripts.</A></DT><DT>3-1. <AHREF="special-chars.html#EX8">Code blocks and I/O redirection</A></DT><DT>3-2. <AHREF="special-chars.html#RPMCHECK">Saving the output of a code block to a file</A></DT><DT>3-3. <AHREF="special-chars.html#BGLOOP">Running a loop in the background</A></DT><DT>3-4. <AHREF="special-chars.html#EX58">Backup of all files changed in last day</A></DT><DT>4-1. <AHREF="variables.html#EX9">Variable assignment and substitution</A></DT><DT>4-2. <AHREF="varassignment.html#EX15">Plain Variable Assignment</A></DT><DT>4-3. <AHREF="varassignment.html#EX16">Variable Assignment, plain and fancy</A></DT><DT>4-4. <AHREF="untyped.html#INTORSTRING">Integer or string?</A></DT><DT>4-5. <AHREF="othertypesv.html#EX17">Positional Parameters</A></DT><DT>4-6. <AHREF="othertypesv.html#EX18"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">wh</I>, <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">                whois</I> domain name lookup</A></DT><DT>4-7. <AHREF="othertypesv.html#EX19">Using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">shift</I></A></DT><DT>5-1. <AHREF="quoting.html#WEIRDVARS">Echoing Weird Variables</A></DT><DT>5-2. <AHREF="escapingsection.html#ESCAPED">Escaped Characters</A></DT><DT>6-1. <AHREF="exit-status.html#EX5">exit / exit status</A></DT><DT>6-2. <AHREF="exit-status.html#NEGCOND">Negating a condition using <SPANCLASS="TOKEN">!</SPAN></A></DT><DT>7-1. <AHREF="tests.html#EX10">What is truth?</A></DT><DT>7-2. <AHREF="tests.html#EX11">Equivalence of <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">test</I>,	  <TTCLASS="FILENAME">/usr/bin/test</TT>, <SPANCLASS="TOKEN">[ ]</SPAN>,	  and <TTCLASS="FILENAME">/usr/bin/[</TT></A></DT><DT>7-3. <AHREF="tests.html#ARITHTESTS">Arithmetic Tests using <SPANCLASS="TOKEN">(( ))</SPAN></A></DT><DT>7-4. <AHREF="fto.html#BROKENLINK">Testing for broken links</A></DT><DT>7-5. <AHREF="comparison-ops.html#EX13">Arithmetic and string comparisons</A></DT><DT>7-6. <AHREF="comparison-ops.html#STRTEST">Testing whether a string is <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">null</I></A></DT><DT>7-7. <AHREF="comparison-ops.html#EX14"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">zmore</I></A></DT><DT>8-1. <AHREF="operations.html#GCD">Greatest common divisor</A></DT><DT>8-2. <AHREF="operations.html#ARITHOPS">Using Arithmetic Operations</A></DT><DT>8-3. <AHREF="operations.html#ANDOR">Compound Condition Tests Using &#38;&#38; and ||</A></DT><DT>8-4. <AHREF="numerical-constants.html#NUMBERS">Representation of numerical constants</A></DT><DT>9-1. <AHREF="variables2.html#IFSH">$IFS and whitespace</A></DT><DT>9-2. <AHREF="variables2.html#TMDIN">Timed Input</A></DT><DT>9-3. <AHREF="variables2.html#TIMEOUT">Once more, timed input</A></DT><DT>9-4. <AHREF="variables2.html#TOUT">Timed <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">read</I></A></DT><DT>9-5. <AHREF="variables2.html#AMIROOT">Am I root?</A></DT><DT>9-6. <AHREF="variables2.html#ARGLIST"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">arglist</I>: Listing arguments	      with $* and $@</A></DT><DT>9-7. <AHREF="variables2.html#INCOMPAT">Inconsistent <TTCLASS="VARNAME">$*</TT> and <TTCLASS="VARNAME">$@</TT> behavior</A></DT><DT>9-8. <AHREF="variables2.html#IFSEMPTY"><TTCLASS="VARNAME">$*</TT> and <TTCLASS="VARNAME">$@</TT> when	        <TTCLASS="VARNAME">$IFS</TT> is empty</A></DT><DT>9-9. <AHREF="variables2.html#USCREF">Underscore variable</A></DT><DT>9-10. <AHREF="string-manipulation.html#PARAGRAPHSPACE">Inserting a blank line between paragraphs in a text file</A></DT><DT>9-11. <AHREF="string-manipulation.html#RANDSTRING">Generating an 8-character <SPANCLASS="QUOTE">"random"</SPAN>	        string</A></DT><DT>9-12. <AHREF="string-manipulation.html#CVT">Converting graphic file formats, with filename change</A></DT><DT>9-13. <AHREF="string-manipulation.html#RA2OGG">Converting streaming audio files to	      <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">ogg</I></A></DT><DT>9-14. <AHREF="string-manipulation.html#GETOPTSIMPLE">Emulating <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">getopt</I></A></DT><DT>9-15. <AHREF="string-manipulation.html#SUBSTRINGEX">Alternate ways of extracting substrings</A></DT><DT>9-16. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#EX6">Using parameter substitution and error messages</A></DT><DT>9-17. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#USAGEMESSAGE">Parameter substitution and <SPANCLASS="QUOTE">"usage"</SPAN> messages</A></DT><DT>9-18. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#LENGTH">Length of a variable</A></DT><DT>9-19. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#PATTMATCHING">Pattern matching in parameter substitution</A></DT><DT>9-20. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#RFE">Renaming file extensions<SPANCLASS="TOKEN">:</SPAN></A></DT><DT>9-21. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#EX7">Using pattern matching to parse arbitrary strings</A></DT><DT>9-22. <AHREF="parameter-substitution.html#VARMATCH">Matching patterns at prefix or suffix of string</A></DT><DT>9-23. <AHREF="declareref.html#EX20">Using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">declare</I> to type variables</A></DT><DT>9-24. <AHREF="ivr.html#INDREF">Indirect Variable References</A></DT><DT>9-25. <AHREF="ivr.html#COLTOTALER2">Passing an indirect reference to <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">awk</I></A></DT><DT>9-26. <AHREF="randomvar.html#EX21">Generating random numbers</A></DT><DT>9-27. <AHREF="randomvar.html#PICKCARD">Picking a random card from a deck</A></DT><DT>9-28. <AHREF="randomvar.html#BROWNIAN">Brownian Motion Simulation</A></DT><DT>9-29. <AHREF="randomvar.html#RANDOMBETWEEN">Random between values</A></DT><DT>9-30. <AHREF="randomvar.html#RANDOMTEST">Rolling a single die with RANDOM</A></DT><DT>9-31. <AHREF="randomvar.html#SEEDINGRANDOM">Reseeding RANDOM</A></DT><DT>9-32. <AHREF="randomvar.html#RANDOM2">Pseudorandom numbers, using <AHREF="awk.html#AWKREF">awk</A></A></DT><DT>9-33. <AHREF="dblparens.html#CVARS">C-style manipulation of variables</A></DT><DT>10-1. <AHREF="loops.html#EX22">Simple <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">for</I> loops</A></DT><DT>10-2. <AHREF="loops.html#EX22A"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">for</I> loop with two parameters in each	      [list] element</A></DT><DT>10-3. <AHREF="loops.html#FILEINFO"><SPANCLASS="emphasis"><ICLASS="EMPHASIS">Fileinfo:</I></SPAN> operating on a file list	        contained in a variable</A></DT><DT>10-4. <AHREF="loops.html#LISTGLOB">Operating on files with a <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">for</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-5. <AHREF="loops.html#EX23">Missing <TTCLASS="USERINPUT"><B>in [list]</B></TT> in a		<ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">for</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-6. <AHREF="loops.html#FORLOOPCMD">Generating the <TTCLASS="USERINPUT"><B>[list]</B></TT> in	      a <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">for</I> loop with command substitution</A></DT><DT>10-7. <AHREF="loops.html#BINGREP">A <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">grep</I> replacement	        for binary files</A></DT><DT>10-8. <AHREF="loops.html#USERLIST">Listing all users on the system</A></DT><DT>10-9. <AHREF="loops.html#FINDSTRING">Checking all the binaries in a directory for	      authorship</A></DT><DT>10-10. <AHREF="loops.html#SYMLINKS">Listing the <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">symbolic	        links</I> in a directory</A></DT><DT>10-11. <AHREF="loops.html#SYMLINKS2">Symbolic links in a directory, saved to a file</A></DT><DT>10-12. <AHREF="loops.html#FORLOOPC">A C-style <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">for</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-13. <AHREF="loops.html#EX24">Using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">efax</I> in batch mode</A></DT><DT>10-14. <AHREF="loops.html#EX25">Simple <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">while</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-15. <AHREF="loops.html#EX26">Another <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">while</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-16. <AHREF="loops.html#EX26A"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">while</I> loop with multiple conditions</A></DT><DT>10-17. <AHREF="loops.html#WHLOOPC">C-style syntax in a <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">while</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-18. <AHREF="loops.html#EX27"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">until</I> loop</A></DT><DT>10-19. <AHREF="nestedloops.html#NESTEDLOOP">Nested Loop</A></DT><DT>10-20. <AHREF="loopcontrol.html#EX28">Effects of <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">break</I> and		<BCLASS="COMMAND">continue</B> in a loop</A></DT><DT>10-21. <AHREF="loopcontrol.html#BREAKLEVELS">Breaking out of multiple loop levels</A></DT><DT>10-22. <AHREF="loopcontrol.html#CONTINUELEVELS">Continuing at a higher loop level</A></DT><DT>10-23. <AHREF="loopcontrol.html#CONTINUENEX">Using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">continue N</I> in an actual task</A></DT><DT>10-24. <AHREF="testbranch.html#EX29">Using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">case</I></A></DT><DT>10-25. <AHREF="testbranch.html#EX30">Creating menus using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">case</I></A></DT><DT>10-26. <AHREF="testbranch.html#CASECMD">Using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">command substitution</I>	      to generate the <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">case</I> variable</A></DT><DT>10-27. <AHREF="testbranch.html#MATCHSTRING">Simple string matching</A></DT><DT>10-28. <AHREF="testbranch.html#ISALPHA">Checking for alphabetic input</A></DT><DT>10-29. <AHREF="testbranch.html#EX31">Creating menus using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">select</I></A></DT><DT>10-30. <AHREF="testbranch.html#EX32">Creating menus using <ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">select</I>	      in a function</A></DT><DT>11-1. <AHREF="commandsub.html#STUPSCR">Stupid script tricks</A></DT><DT>11-2. <AHREF="commandsub.html#CSUBLOOP">Generating a variable from a loop</A></DT><DT>11-3. <AHREF="commandsub.html#AGRAM2">Finding anagrams</A></DT><DT>14-1. <AHREF="internal.html#SPAWNSCR">A script that forks off multiple instances of itself</A></DT><DT>14-2. <AHREF="internal.html#EX47"><ICLASS="FIRSTTERM">printf</I> in action</A></DT><DT>14-3. <A