A: Use ios::binary as the open mode for the file: 
        #include <fstream.h> 
        ifstream binfile; 
        binfile.open("myfile.bin", ios::binary); 
  
 Q: How can I get at the DOS file handle associated with my iostream? 
 A: Using a combination of member functions fd() and rdbuf() you can 
    get at the file handle. 
        #include <fstream.h> 
        #define fstrno(s)  (((s).rdbuf())->fd()) 
        ifstream test("test.txt"); 
        cout << "handle is " << fstrno(test) << '\n'; 
  
  
  
 I n t e g r a t e d    E n v i r o n m e n t 
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 Q: Why doesn't my mouse work well with Turbo C++? 
 A: The most likely cause is that you are using an older mouse driver. You'll 
    need to get a newer version.  Driver versions required for full 
    compatibility include: 
        Logitech driver 5.01+, Microsoft 7.04+, Genius 9.06+. 
  
  
 Q. Why is Turbo C++ not able to find any of my #include files? 
 A. The compiler searches for include files in the Turbo C++ Include 
    Directories path. You can specify this path through the 
    Options|Directories menu. The INSTALL program initially sets this 
    path to the directory where it copied all the Turbo C++ *.h files. 
  
 Q. Why do I get the message: 
       Linker Error: Unable to open input file 'C0x.OBJ' 
 A. The linker searches for Turbo C++ start-up and library files in the 
    Turbo C++ Library Directories path. You can specify this path through 
    the Options|Directories menu. The INSTALL program initially sets this 
    path to the directory where it copied the start-up and library files. 
    Also be sure that you installed the memory model that the linker 
    is looking for. The 'x' in the error message corresponds to the memory 
    model, e.g. 's' for small, 'l' for large, etc. 
  
 Q. How do I get Turbo C++ to link in my own libraries or use multiple 
    source files? 
 A. Turbo C++'s Project facility is designed to allow you to work with 
    multiple files. 
  
 Q. Why does the linker tell me that all the graphics library routines 
    are undefined? 
 A. The Options|Linker|Libraries|Graphics Library item must be set ON 
    if you are using any Turbo C++ graphics functions and have not 
    specified GRAPHICS.LIB in a project file. 
  
 Q. Why does Turbo C++ report "Unable to open include file 'stdarg.h'" 
    when I try to #include <stdio.h>? 
 A. The most probable reason is that you have exceeded the number 
    of files that DOS can have open simultaneously. Add the line 
  
       FILES=20 
  
    to your DOS CONFIG.SYS file. This allows DOS to open up to 20 
    files at the same time. CONFIG.SYS will only be effective after 
    you have rebooted your computer. See the IBM DOS Reference 
    Manual for details on the CONFIG.SYS file. 
  
 Q. Where is the TCINST.EXE utility I have used in previous versions 
    of the compiler? 
 A. The capabilities of TCINST have been incorporated into other areas 
    of the product and thus TCINST is no longer necessary.  To remap 
    key bindings, use the Turbo Editor Macro Compiler (TEMC).  Colors 
    can be changed from within the IDE under Options | Environment | Colors. 
  
 Q. When I Make, Run, or Trace a program, Turbo C++ sometimes goes 
    through the compile and link process even when the object files 
    are up-to-date. 
 A. Turbo C++'s MAKE logic works solely on a file's date and time 
    stamp. If one of your source files is marked with a date 
    that's sometime in the future, the object files that are 
    created from it will always be older than the source file, 
    and Turbo C++ will always try to rebuild the file. You can fix 
    this by using TOUCH.COM to set the file to the current date 
    and time. You should also make sure that your system's date 
    and time are always properly set. TOUCH.COM is documented in 
    the file UTIL.DOC. 
  
 Q. How come my old Turbo C project files don't work anymore? 
 A. Project files now contain much more information about a project now, 
    and hence are no longer stored in ASCII format. To create a project 
    file, select PROJECT from the main menu, and follow the menus. To 
    convert your old project files to the new format, use the supplied 
    utility file PRJCNVT.EXE (documented in UTIL.DOC). 
  
 Q. How can I convert my Turbo C 2.0 project files to the new 
    format? 
 A. There is a conversion utility in your Turbo C++ BIN directory 
    called PRJCNVT.EXE. This program will perform the conversion. 
  
 Q. How come my project file is automatically loaded when I start Turbo C++? 
    I want to work on a different program. 
 A. If there is only one project file in the current directory, Turbo C++ 
    will load and use that one file. If there are no project files, or 
    if there are multiple project files, Turbo C++ does not automatically 
    load one. Go ahead and create a new project. To use a specific project 
    file you can specify the name of that project file on the command 
    line used to start Turbo C++. For example, 'tc farley.prj' would 
    start up TC++ and load the 'farley' project. 
  
 Q. My right mouse button appears to do nothing. Can I change this so it 
    will set breakpoints? 
 A. Yes, under the menu for Options|Environment|Mouse there is a 
    dialog box for the right mouse button. You can change it to set 
    breakpoints, or to do many other things. 
  
 Q. How can I find out where my "null pointer assignment" is occurring? 
 A. Set a watch on the following expressions: 
  
            *(char *)0,4m 
            (char *)4 
  
    Step through the program. When the values change, the just-executed line 
    is the one that is causing the problem. 
  
 Q. When I compile my program, I get the following error: 
  
       Error: C:\TC\INCLUDE\STDIO.H: Overlays only supported in 
       medium, large, and huge memory models 
  
    What is happening? 
 A. The Overlay Support option has been selected and does not work 
    in the tiny, small, or compact memory models. You can turn this option 
    off with: 
      Options | Compiler | Code Generation | Overlay Support 
  
    
 Q. When I try to load a new file after editing a file, the first 
    file remains on the screen. How do I close the first file? 
 A. Use Alt-F3 to close the current file. Also, use F6 to move 
    from one file to the next, if there is more than one file 
    open at a time. 
  
 Q. I'm doing a search and replace operation, and the editor prompts me for 
    each replacement. I've selected "Change All", but it still does it. 
 A. To disable the prompting, you must unselect the "Prompt on replace" 
    option on the left side of the dialog box. 
  
 Q. When I try to use the any of the pseudo registers, like _AX, I 
    get the error message "Undefined symbol '_AX' in function..." 
    when I compile. Why? 
 A. You are only allowed to use the pseudo registers in the Turbo 
    C++ and ANSI modes of the compiler. You can change this setting 
    in the Options | Compiler | Source menu. 
  
 Q. Since I don't have a mouse, can I still copy blocks of code 
    from one file to another? 
 A. Yes. You can mark the beginning and end of a block by moving 
    to the appropriate area and pressing Ctrl-K-B (mark beginning) and 
    Ctrl-K-K (mark end). You can then use the copy and paste commands 
    in the Edit menu. 
  
 Q: How do I stop all of the files I have ever edited from constantly 
    being open when I bring up Turbo C++? 
 A: By default, Turbo C++ saves what is called the desktop configuration. 
    This configuration is saved in a file with a .DSK extension.  By deleting 
    any files of this type, then entering Options/Environment/Preferences 
    and removing the check from 'auto save desktop', you will begin with a 
    clean desktop each time you invoke Turbo C++. 
  
  
 C o m m a n d  -  L i n e    C o m p i l e r 
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 Q. Why is Turbo C++ not able to find any of my #include files? 
 A. The compiler searches for include files in the Turbo C++ Include 
    Directories path. You specify this path with the -I option. The INSTALL 
    program initially writes a configuration file (TURBOC.CFG) that 
    sets this path to the directory where it copied all the Turbo C++ 
    *.h files. 
  
 Q. Why do I get the message: 
       Linker Error: Unable to open input file 'C0x.OBJ' 
 A. The linker searches for Turbo C++ start-up and library files in the 
    Turbo C++ Library Directories path. You can specify this path with 
    the -L option. If you allow TCC to invoke the linker, it will search 
    the directories in the configuration file (TURBOC.CFG) written by the 
    INSTALL program. If you run TLINK, the configuration file is not read. 
    TLINK does use the configuration file TLINK.CFG, so you can specify 
    library paths in this file. 
  
 Q. Why does the linker tell me that all the graphics library routines are 
    undefined? 
 A. TCC will not search the graphics library unless you tell it to. 
    You should specify the graphics library on the command line. For 
    example, to compile BGIDEMO, type 
  
       TCC BGIDEMO.C GRAPHICS.LIB<Enter> 
  
 Q. I run TCC.EXE and get the error message: 
       Fatal: <filename>.def (<line #>): syntax error 
 A. Check your DATA statement on line number # in <filename>.def for the 
    correct code (that is, DATA PRELOAD). 
  
  
 G e n e r a l     I / O 
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 Q. The '\n' in cprintf() does not return the cursor to the 
    beginning of the line. It only moves the cursor down one line. 
 A. cprintf() interprets '\n' as a Line Feed. To force the cursor to 
    the beginning of the line, manually insert a Carriage Return: 
  
      cprintf("\n\r"); 
  
 Q. How do I print to the printer from a Turbo C++ program? 
 A. Turbo C++ uses a FILE pointer (stdprn) defined in the STDIO.H 
    file. You do not need to open stdprn before using it: 
  
       #include <stdio.h> 
       int main(void) 
       { 
           fprintf(stdprn, "Hello, printer!\n"); 
       } 
  
    Note that if your printer is line-buffered, the output is 
    flushed only after a '\n' is sent. 
  
 Q. I am reading and writing binary files. My program is translating 
    the Carriage Return (0x0D) and Line Feed (0x0A) characters. How do 
    I prevent this from happening? 
 A. Files opened in text mode will translate these characters for 
    DOS. To read a file in binary mode, open it in binary mode. 
    For example, 
  
      #include <stdio.h> 
      int main(void) 
      { 
         FILE *binary_fp; 
         char buffer[100]; 
  
         binary_fp = fopen("MYFILE.BIN", "rb"); 
  
         fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 100, binary_fp); 
  
                    : 
      } 
  
    The default file mode is text. 
  
 Q. Why don't printf() and puts() print text in color? 
 A. Use the console I/O functions cprintf() and cputs() for color output. 
  
      #include <conio.h> 
      int main(void) 
      { 
          textcolor(BLUE); 
          cprintf("I'm blue."); 
      } 
  
 Q. How do I print a long integer? 
 A. Use the "%ld" format: 
  
      long int l = 70000L; 
      printf("%ld", l); 
  
 Q. How do I print a long double? 
 A. Use the "%Lf" format. 
  
      long double ldbl = 1E500; 
      printf("%Lf", ldbl); 
  
  
 E x a m p l e   P r o g r a m s 
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 Q. How do I compile the BGIDEMO program? 
 A. 1. Make sure that the following Turbo C++ files are in your 
       current directory: