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<TD class=space> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><!-- 屬性欄結束 --><!-- 屬性列表開始 --><!-- 屬性列表結束 --><B><FONT
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<P align=center><B><FONT lang=EN-US>8</FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>5 </FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">癌癥的早期診斷</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US></FONT></B></P>
<P align=center><B><FONT lang=EN-US><FONT style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</FONT></FONT></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">癌癥是威脅人類生命的大敵,癌癥的早期診斷、預防、治療是擺在科學家面前的重大的攻關課題,全世界的科學家都在為攻克癌癥而努力。在現在的科技條件下,還沒有找到早期診斷癌癥的有效方法,一旦發現癌癥癥狀,常常已到了癌癥晚期,再進行治療往往為時已晚。如果研究和開發出有效的癌癥早期診斷方法,及早預防,將可以挽救千百萬人寶貴的生命。據報道,某些痕量元素與癌癥的發生、發展、抑制防治有密切的關系,但這種關系并非一定是簡單的線性關系,深入探討這種關系,有可能找到早期診斷癌癥的有效方法。人發、血清是理想的活體材料,人發、血清中痕量元素水平的變化反映了人體的生理狀況的變化,癌變病人和正常人頭發和血清中痕量元素含量將會出現差別,根據這種差別可以進行癌癥的早期診斷。</FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用電感耦合等離子體原子發射光譜與石墨爐原子吸收光譜測定了</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>43</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例癌變病人和</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>33</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例正常人血清中鋅、鋇、鎂、鈣、銅和硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">種元素的含量,對各元素含量數據進行標準化,轉換為以均值為</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>0</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、方差為</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>1</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的樣本值。從</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>76</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個樣本中隨機抽取</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>48</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個樣本訓練人工神經網絡,這</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>48</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個樣本中既包括了癌變病人樣本,也包括了正常人樣本。通過訓練,人工神經網絡“記住了”癌變病人和正常人血清中鋅、鋇、鎂、鈣、銅、硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">種元素的含量特征,將這種“記憶”存儲在計算機內,用專業術語來說,就是建立起識別模型。以后再將血清中鋅、鋇、鎂、鈣、銅、和硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">種元素的含量輸到存儲在計算機內的人工神經網絡中,它根據識別模型,就能識別出癌變病人和正常人的血清。所用的人工神經網絡如圖</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>8</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示。人工神經網絡的輸入層有</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個神經元,對應于鋅、鋇、鎂、鈣、銅和硒</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>6</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">種元素含量的輸入,輸出層只有一個神經元,輸出識別結果。其余的</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>28</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個樣本作為檢驗樣本,對所建立的模型的準確性進行交叉檢驗。</FONT></P>
<P align=center><FONT lang=EN-US><IMG height=205
src="8 . 5 癌癥的早期診斷.files/20000040ZW_0061_1.gif" width=318></FONT></P>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根據輸出結果進行識別,正常人(類別</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>1</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的期望輸出是</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>0.01</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,癌變病人(類別</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>2</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)的期望輸出是</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>0.99</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。用</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>28</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">個樣本進行檢驗,檢驗結果列于表</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>8</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>1</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,錯判病例一個,識別正確率達到</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>96.4</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%。用所建立的模型對未知樣品進行識別,識別正確率均達到</FONT><FONT
lang=EN-US>90</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%以上。</FONT></P>
<P align=center><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">表</FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">8</FONT></B><B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.</FONT></B><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1
</FONT></B><B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">人工神經網絡模型預報結果</FONT></B><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=33>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">No</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=40>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">類別</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=54>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">期望值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=52>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">預報值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=63>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">診斷結果</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=30>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">No</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=38>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">類別</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">期望值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">預報值</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=64>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">診斷結果</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=33>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=40>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=54>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=52>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=63>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">正常人</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=30>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">15</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=38>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">2</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.99</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=51>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.99</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=64>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">癌變病人</FONT><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top width=33>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">2</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=40>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">1</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=54>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=52>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0.01</FONT></P></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=63>
<P style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">正常人</FONT><FONT
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