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<P class=MsoNormal><O:P><SPAN lang=EN-US>Question 1-8<?XML:NAMESPACE
PREFIX = O /><O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Both the number and the
percentage of people in the <BR>United States involved in
nonagricultural pursuits expanded <BR>rapidly during the half
century following the Civil War, with <BR>some of the most
dramatic increases occurring in the domains <BR>of
transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.<BR>The
development of the railroad and telegraph systems
during <BR>the middle third of the nineteenth century led to
significant <BR>improvements in the speed, volume, and
regularity of shipments <BR>and communications, making possible
a fundamental <BR>transformation in the production and
distribution of goods.<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In agriculture, the
transformation was marked by the <BR>emergence of the grain
elevators, the cotton presses, the <BR>warehouses, and the
commodity exchanges that seemed to so <BR>many of the nation's
farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy <BR>against them.
In manufacturing, the transformation was <BR>marked by the
emergence of a "new factory system" in which <BR>plants became
larger, more complex, and more systematically <BR>organized and
managed. And in distribution, the transformation <BR>was marked
by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, <BR>and the
mass retailer. These changes radically altered <BR>the nature
of work during the half century between 1870 and <BR>1920.<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>To be sure, there were still
small workshops, where <BR>skilled craftspeople manufactured
products ranging from news-<BR>papers to cabinets to plumbing
fixtures. There were the sweatshops <BR>in city tenements,
where groups of men and women in <BR>household settings
manufactured clothing or cigars on a piece-<BR>work basis. And there
were factories in occupations such as <BR>metalwork where
individual contractors presided over what <BR>were essentially
handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within <BR>a single
buildings. But as the number of wage earners
in <BR>manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5
million in <BR>1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge
plants like <BR>the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia
burgeoned, as <BR>did the size of the average plant. (The
Baldwin Works had 600 <BR>employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and
8,000 in 1900.) By <BR>1920, at least in the northeastern
United States where most of <BR>the nation's manufacturing wage
earners were concentrated, <BR>three-quarters of those worked
in factories with more than 100 <BR>employees and 30 percent
worked in factories with more than <BR>1,000 employees.<O:P>
<BR>1.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word
"domains" in line 3 is closest in meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>fields<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>locations<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>organizations<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>occupations<O:P> <BR>2.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural
sector of the economy after the Civil War?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>New technological
developments had little effect on farmers.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The percentage of the total
population working in agriculture declined.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Many farms destroyed in the
war were rebuilt after the war.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Farmers achieved new prosperity
because of better rural transportation.<O:P> <BR>3.<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word "fundamental" in line 7 is
closest in meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>possible<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>basic<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>gradual<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>unique<O:P> <BR>4.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "new
factory system?"<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>A change in the organization
of factories.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>A growth in the complexity of
factories.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>An increase in the size of factories.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>An increase in the cost of
manufacturing industrial products.<O:P> <BR>5.<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Which of the following statements
about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the
passage?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Most
manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The most
commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Manufacturing
and agriculture each made up about half of the nation's
economy.<O:P> <BR>6.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The
word "skilled" in line 16 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>hardworking<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>expert<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>well-paid<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>industrial<O:P>
<BR>7.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The word
"presided over" in line 20 are closest in meaning to
<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>managed <O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>led to<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>worked
in<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>produced<O:P> <BR>8.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines
23-24 because it was<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a well-known metal-works<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>the first
plant of its kind in Philadelphia<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>typical of the large
factories that were becoming more common<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>typical of factories that consisted
of a single
building<O:P> <BR></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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