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<TD align=middle><FONT size=3>1997年5月托福閱讀全真試題</FONT></TD></TR>
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<TD class=l17><FONT class=f14 id=zoom> <BR>Question
9-19<O:P> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR>
</SPAN>Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together
into <BR>roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are not
always <BR>obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In
winter especially,<BR>it is important for birds to keep warm at
night and conserve <BR>precious food reserves. One way to do
this is to find a <BR>sheltered roost. Solitary roosters
shelter in dense vegetation or <BR>enter a cavity - horned
larks dig holes in the ground and <BR>ptarmigan burrow into
snow banks - but the effect of sheltering <BR>is magnified by
several birds huddling together in the <BR>roosts, as wrens,
swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anis<BR>do. Body contact
reduces the surface area exposed to the cold <BR>air, so the
birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling <BR>together
were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter <BR>and
three together saved a third of their heat.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>The second possible
benefit of communal roosts is that <BR>they act as "information
centers." During the day, parties of <BR>birds will have spread
out to forage over a very large area. <BR>When they return in
the evening some will have fed well, but <BR>others may have
found little to eat. Some investigators have <BR>observed that
when the birds set out again next morning, <BR>those birds that
did not feed well on the previous day appear to <BR>follow
those that did. The behavior of common and lesser <BR>kestrels
may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar <BR>birds
with different roosting habits. The common kestrel <BR>hunts
vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting
ground, <BR>whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on
insects over a <BR>large area. The common kestrel roosts and
hunts alone, but <BR>the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in
flocks, possibly so one <BR>bird can learn from others where to
find insect swarms.<O:P> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><BR> </SPAN>Finally, there is safety
in numbers at communal roosts <BR>since there will always be a
few birds awake at any given <BR>moment to give the alarm. But
this increased protection is partially <BR>counteracted by the
fact that mass roosts attract predators and <BR>are especially
vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those <BR>in trees
can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the <BR>edge are
at greatest risk since predators find it easier to
catch <BR>small birds perching at the margins of the
roost.<O:P> <BR>9. What does the passage mainly discuss?<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>How birds
find and store food.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>How birds maintain body heat
in the winter.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Why birds need to establish
territory.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Why some species of birds nest together.<O:P> <BR>10.
The word "conserve" in line 3 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>retain<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>watch<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>locate<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>share<O:P>
<BR>11. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>huddling
together on the ground with other birds.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Building nests in trees.<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Burrowing
into dense patches of vegetation<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Digging tunnels into the
snow.<O:P> <BR>12. The word "magnified" in line 6 is closest
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>caused<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>modified<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>intensified<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>combined<O:P>
<BR>13. The author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example
of birds that<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>protect themselves by nesting
in holes.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Nest with other species of
birds<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Nest together for warmth<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Usually feed and
nest in pairs.<O:P> <BR>14. The word "forage" in line 12 is
closest in meaning to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>fly<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>assemble<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>feed<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>rest<O:P>
<BR>15. Which of the following statements about lesser and
common kestrels is true?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The lesser kestrel and the
common kestrel have similar diets.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The lesser kestrel feeds
sociably but the common kestrel does not.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The common kestrel nests in
larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The common kestrel nests in
trees, the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.<O:P> <BR>16.
The word "counteracted" in line 24 is closest in meaning to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>suggested<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>negated<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>measured<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>shielded<O:P>
<BR>17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage
as an advantage derived by birds that huddle<BR>together while
sleeping?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Some members of the flock warm
others of impending dangers.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Staying together provides a
greater amount of heat for the whole flock.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Some birds in the flock
function as information centers for others who are looking for
food.<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Several members of the flock care for the young.<O:P>
<BR>18.<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Which of
the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned
in the passage?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Diseases easily spread among
the birds.<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Groups are more attractive to predators than individual
birds.<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Food supplies are quickly depleted<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Some birds in the group will
attack the others.<O:P> <BR>19.The word "they" in line 25
refers to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>a few birds<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>mass
roosts<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>predators<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>trees.<O:P>
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