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            <P></P>
            <P>Questions 45-50</P>
            <P align=left>Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. 
            Eruptions <BR>at glaciated volcanoes typically destroy ice fields, 
            as they <BR>did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice 
            cover <BR>was demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers 
            gain <BR>the upper hand cutting deeply into volcanic cones and 
            eventually <BR>reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these 
            competing <BR>forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to 
            create a <BR>phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier 
            <BR>National Park. 
            <P>Located inside Rainier's two ice-filled summit craters, <BR>these 
            caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers <BR>about one 
            and one-half miles in total length. Their creation <BR>depends on an 
            unusual combination of factors that nature <BR>almost never brings 
            together in one place. The cave-making <BR>recipe calls for a steady 
            emission of volcanic gas and heat, a <BR>heavy annual snowfall at an 
            elevation high enough to keep it <BR>from melting during the summer, 
            and a bowl-shaped crater to <BR>hold the snow. 
            <P>Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier's summit craters is 
            <BR>compacted and compressed into a dense form of ice called firn, 
            <BR>a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser 
            crystalline <BR>ice that makes up glaciers. Heat rising from 
            numerous <BR>openings (called fumaroles) along the inner crater 
            walls melts <BR>out chambers between the rocky walls and the 
            overlying ice <BR>pack. Circulating currents of warm air then melt 
            additional <BR>opening in the firn ice, eventually connecting the 
            individual <BR>chambers and, in the larger of Rainier's two craters, 
            forming <BR>a continuous passageway that extends two- thirds of the 
            way <BR>around the crater's interior. 
            <P>To maintain<U> </U>the cave system, the elements of fire under 
            <BR>ice must remain in equilibrium. Enough snow must fill the 
            <BR>crater each year to replace that melted from below. If too 
            <BR>much volcanic heat is discharged, the crater's ice pack will 
            <BR>melt away entirely and the caves will vanish along with the 
            <BR>snow of yesteryear. If too little heat is produced, the ice, 
            <BR>replenished annually by winter snowstorms, will expand, pushing 
            <BR>against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the present 
            <BR>caverns in solid firn ice.</P>
            <P>45.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?</P>
            <P>(A) The importance of snowfall for Mount Rainier.<BR>(B) The 
            steam caves of Mount Rainier.<BR>(C) how ice covers are 
            destroyed.<BR>(D) The eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980.</P>
            <P>46.The word "they" in line 2 refers to</P>
            <P>(A) fields <BR>(B) intervals<BR>(C) eruptions<BR>(D) enemies</P>
            <P>47.According to the passage long periods of volcanic inactivity 
            can lead to a volcanic cone's</P>
            <P>(A) strongest eruption<BR>(B) sudden growth<BR>(C) 
            destruction<BR>(D) unpredictability</P>
            <P>48.The second paragraph mentions all of the following as 
            necessary elements in the creation of steam caves EXCEPT</P>
            <P>(A) a glacier<BR>(B) a crater<BR>(C) heat<BR>(D) snow</P>
            <P>49.According to the passage, heat from Mount Rainier's summit 
            craters rises from</P>
            <P>(A) crystalline ice<BR>(B) firns<BR>(C) chambers<BR>(D) 
            fumaroles</P>
            <P>50.In line 37 "smothering" the caverns means that they would 
            be</P>
            <P>(A) eliminated<BR>(B) enlarged<BR>(C) prevented<BR>(D) 
            hollowed</P></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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