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<TD class=l17><FONT class=f14 id=zoom><O:P> </SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN>
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US>Question 18-31<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>In the world of birds, bill
design is a prime example of <BR>evolutionary fine-tuning.
Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use <BR>their bills to pry
open the tightly sealed shells of their prey, <BR>hummingbirds
have stiletto-like bills to probe the
deepest <BR>nectar-bearing flowers, and kiwis smell out
earthworms thanks to <BR>nostrils located at the tip of their
beaks. But few birds are <BR>more intimately tied to their
source of sustenance than are <BR>crossbills. Two species of
these finches, named for the way <BR>the upper and lower parts
of their bills cross, rather than meet <BR>in the middle,
reside in the evergreen forests of North America <BR>and feed
on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The efficiency of the bill
is evident when a crossbill locates <BR>a cone. Using a lateral
motion of its lower mandible, the <BR>bird separates two
overlapping scales on the cone and exposes <BR>the seed. The
crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a <BR>powerful
biting force at the bill tips, which is critical
for <BR>maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the
scales <BR>apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue
into the gap <BR>and draws out the seed. Using the combined
action of the bill <BR>and tongue, the bird cracks open and
discards the woody seed <BR>covering action and swallows the
nutritious inner kernel. This whole <BR>process takes but a few
seconds and is repeated hundreds of <BR>times a day.<O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>The bills of different
crossbill species and subspecies vary - <BR>some are stout and
deep, others more slander and shallow. As <BR>a rule,
large-billed crossbills are better at securing seeds
from <BR>large cones, while small-billed crossbills are more
deft at <BR>removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones.
Moreover, <BR>the degree to which cones are naturally slightly
open or tightly <BR>closed helps determine which bill design is
the best.<O:P> </O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>One anomaly is the
subspecies of red crossbill known as <BR>the Newfoundland
crossbill. This bird has a large, robust bill, <BR>yet most of
Newfoundland's conifers have small cones, the <BR>same kind of
cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.<O:P> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>18.What does the passage mainly discuss?<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The
importance of conifers in evergreen forests<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The efficiency of the bill of
the crossbill<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The variety of food available
in a forest<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>The different techniques birds use to obtain food<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>19.Which of the following statements best represents the
type of "evolutionary fine - turning" mentioned in line1?<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Different
shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food
supply<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>White - wing crossbills have evolved from red crossbills<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>Newfoundland's conifers have evolved small cones<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Several
subspecies of crossbills have evolved from two species<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>20.Why does the author mention oystercatchers,
hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-5?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>They are examples of birds
that live in the forest<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>Their beaks are similar to
the beak of the crossbill<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>They illustrate the
relationship between bill design and food supply<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>They are
closely related to the crossbill<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>21.Crossbills are a type of<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>shorebird<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>hummingbird<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>kiwi<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>finch<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>22.Which of the following most closely resembles the bird
described in lines 8-11?<O:P> <BR>(A) </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（圖）<SPAN
lang=EN-US><O:P> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR>(B)
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（圖）<SPAN
lang=EN-US><O:P> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR>(C)
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（圖）<SPAN
lang=EN-US><O:P> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR>(D)
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（圖）<SPAN
lang=EN-US><O:P> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>23.The word "which" in line 16 refers to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>seed<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>bird<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>force<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>bill<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>24.The word "gap" in line 18 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>opening<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>flower<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>mouth<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>tree<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>25.The word "discards" in line 20 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>eats<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>breaks<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>finds out<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>gets rid of<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>26.The word "others" in line 25 refers to<O:P>
<BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>bills<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>species<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>seeds<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>cones<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>27.The word "deft" in line 27 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>hungry<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>skilled<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>tired<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>pleasant<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>28.The word "robust" in line 32 is closest in meaning
to<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>strong<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>colorful<O:P>
<BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>unusual<O:P>
<BR>(D)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>sharp<O:P>
</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>29.In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an
anomaly?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>It is larger than the other crossbill species<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>It uses a
different technique to obtain food<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The size of its bill does not
fit the size of its food source<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>It does not live in evergreen
forests.<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>30.The final paragraph of the passage will probably
continue with a discussion of<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>other species of forest
birds<O:P> <BR>(B)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>the fragile ecosystem of
Newfoundland<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>what mammals live in the
forests of North America<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>how the Newfoundland crossbill
survives with a large bill<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
</O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: 12pt; TEXT-INDENT: -12pt; tab-stops: 12.0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US>31.Where in the passage does the author describe how a
crossbill removes a seed from its cone?<O:P> <BR>(A)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The first paragraph<O:P>
<BR>(B)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The second
paragraph<O:P> <BR>(C)<SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">
</SPAN>The third paragraph<O:P> <BR>(D)<SPAN
style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>The forth
paragraph<O:P> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> <O:P>
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