便攜式B型超聲診斷儀具有無創傷、簡便易行、相對價廉等優勢,在臨床中越來越得到廣泛的應用。它將超聲波技術、微電子技術、計算機技術、機械設計與制造及生物醫學工程等技術融合在一起。開展該課題的研究對提高臨床診斷能力和促進我國醫療事業的發展具有重要的意義。 便攜式B型超聲診斷儀由人機交互系統、探頭、成像系統、顯示系統構成。其基本工作過程是:首先人機交互系統接收到用戶通過鍵盤或鼠標發出的命令,然后成像系統根據命令控制探頭發射超聲波,并對回波信號處理、合成圖像,最后通過顯示系統完成圖像的顯示。 成像系統作為便攜式B型超聲診斷儀的核心對圖像質量有決定性影響,但以前研制的便攜式B型超聲診斷儀的成像系統在三個方面存在不足:第一、采用的是單片機控制步進電機,控制精度不高,導致成像系統采樣不精確;第二、采用的數字掃描變換算法太粗糙,影響超聲圖像的分辨率;第三、它的CPU多采用的是51系列單片機,測量速度太慢,同時也不便于系統升級和擴展。 針對以上不足,提出了基于FPGA的B型超聲成像系統解決方案,采用Altera公司的EP2C5Q208C8芯片實現了步進電機步距角的細分,使電機旋轉更勻速,提高了采樣精度;提出并采用DSTI-ULA算法(Uniform Ladder Algorithm based on Double Sample and Trilinear Interotation)在FPGA內實現數字掃描變換,提高了圖像分辨率;人機交互系統采用S3C2410-AL作為CPU,改善了測量速度和系統的擴展性。 通過對系統硬件電路的設計、制作,軟件的編寫、調試,結果表明,本文所設計的便攜式B型超聲成像系統圖像分辨率高、測量速度快、體積小、操作方便。本文所設計的便攜式B型超聲診斷儀可在野外作業和搶險(諸如地震、抗洪)中發揮作用,同時也可在鄉村診所中完成對相關疾病的診斷工作。
·ITU-T G.729的一個實現例子(包括附錄b的vod檢測等功能)-ITU-T g.729 example, include VOD detect of reference B, etc.文件列表(點擊判斷是否您需要的文件): g729b_v14 .........\acelp_co.c .........\basic_op.c .....
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
load initial_track s; % y:initial data,s:data with noiseT=0.1;
% yp denotes the sample value of position% yv denotes the sample value of velocity% Y=[yp(n);yv(n)];% error deviation caused by the random acceleration % known dataY=zeros(2,200);Y0=[0;1];Y(:,1)=Y0;A=[1 T 0 1]; B=[1/2*(T)^2 T]';H=[1 0];
C0=[0 0 0 1];C=[C0 zeros(2,2*199)];Q=(0.25)^2; R=(0.25)^2;