All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上傳時間： 2013-10-23
上傳用戶：copu
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.
上傳時間： 2014-04-02
上傳用戶：han_zh
The XA-S3 is a member of Philips Semiconductors’ XA (eXtended Architecture) family of high performance 16-bit single-chip Microcontrollers. The XA-S3 combines many powerful peripherals on one chip. Therefore, it is suited for general multipurpose high performance embedded control functions.One of the on-chip peripherals is the I2C bus interface. This report describes worked-out driver software (written in C) to program / use the I2C interface of the XA-S3. The driver software, together with a demo program and interface software routines offer the user a quick start in writing a complete I2C - XAS3 system application.
上傳時間： 2013-11-10
上傳用戶：liaofamous
The 87LPC76X Microcontroller combines in a small package thebenefits of a high-performance microcontroller with on-boardhardware supporting the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus interface.The 87LPC76X can be programmed both as an I2C bus master, aslave, or both. An overview of the I2C bus and description of the bussupport hardware in the 87LPC76X microcontrollers appears inapplication note AN464, Using the 87LPC76X Microcontroller as anI2C Bus Master. That application note includes a programmingexample, demonstrating a bus-master code. Here we show anexample of programming the microcontroller as an I2C slave.The code listing demonstrates communications routines for the87LPC76X as a slave on the I2C bus. It compliments the program inAN464 which demonstrates the 87LPC76X as an I2C bus master.One may demonstrate two 87LPC76X devices communicating witheach other on the I2C bus, using the AN464 code in one, and theprogram presented here in the other. The examples presented hereand in AN464 allow the 87LPC76X to be either a master or a slave,but not both. Switching between master and slave roles in amultimaster environment is described in application note AN435.The software for a slave on the bus is relatively simple, as theprocessor plays a relatively passive role. It does not initiate bustransfers on its own, but responds to a master initiating thecommunications. This is true whether the slave receives or transmitsdata—transmission takes place only as a response to a busmaster’s request. The slave does not have to worry about arbitrationor about devices which do not acknowledge their address. As theslave is not supposed to take control of the bus, we do not demandit to resolve bus exceptions or “hangups”. If the bus becomesinactive the processor simply withdraws, not interfering with themaster (or masters) on the bus which should (hopefully) try toresolve the situation.
上傳時間： 2013-11-19
上傳用戶：shirleyYim
//芯片資料請到www.elecfans.com查找 //DS1820 C51 子程序//這里以11.0592M晶體為例，不同的晶體速度可能需要調整延時的時間//sbit DQ =P2^1;//根據實際情況定義端口 typedef unsigned char byte;typedef unsigned int word; //延時void delay(word useconds){ for(;useconds>0;useconds--);} //復位byte ow_reset(void){ byte presence; DQ = 0; //pull DQ line low delay(29); // leave it low for 480us DQ = 1; // allow line to return high delay(3); // wait for presence presence = DQ; // get presence signal delay(25); // wait for end of timeslot return(presence); // presence signal returned} // 0=presence, 1 = no part //從 1-wire 總線上讀取一個字節byte read_byte(void){ byte i; byte value = 0; for (i=8;i>0;i--) { value>>=1; DQ = 0; // pull DQ low to start timeslot DQ = 1; // then return high delay(1); //for (i=0; i<3; i++); if(DQ)value|=0x80; delay(6); // wait for rest of timeslot } return(value);} //向 1-WIRE 總線上寫一個字節void write_byte(char val){ byte i; for (i=8; i>0; i--) // writes byte, one bit at a time { DQ = 0; // pull DQ low to start timeslot DQ = val&0x01; delay(5); // hold value for remainder of timeslot DQ = 1; val=val/2; } delay(5);} //讀取溫度char Read_Temperature(void){ union{ byte c[2]; int x; }temp; ow_reset(); write_byte(0xCC); // Skip ROM write_byte(0xBE); // Read Scratch Pad temp.c[1]=read_byte(); temp.c[0]=read_byte(); ow_reset(); write_byte(0xCC); //Skip ROM write_byte(0x44); // Start Conversion return temp.x/2;}
上傳時間： 2013-11-03
上傳用戶：hongmo
//遙控解碼子程序，LC7461，用戶碼為11C//external interrupt0void isr_4(){ unsigned char r_count;//定義解碼的個數 unsigned long use_data=0;//定義16位的用戶碼，只用到13位 unsigned long use_code=0;//定義16位的用戶反碼，只用到13位 unsigned long data=0;//定義16位數據碼，包括8位數據碼和反碼 unsigned char data_h=0;//數據反碼 unsigned char data_l=0;//數據碼 _clrwdt();// _delay(7000);//7461解碼，延時7000// _delay(7000);//7461解碼，延時7000//_delay(7000);//7461解碼，延時7000 if(remote==1) goto error; while(remote==0);//wait to high //_delay(9744);count_delay=0; while(count_delay<143); if(remote==1) goto error; /////用戶碼解碼use_data//////////add////////////////////////// for(r_count=13;r_count>0;r_count--) { while(remote==0);//wait to high count_delay=0; while(count_delay<24);//_delay(1680); _c=remote; if(_c==1) { _lrrc(&use_data); count_delay=0; while(count_delay<32);//_delay(2200);//wait to low } else _lrrc(&use_data); } _nop(); //if(remote==1) //_delay(1680);//wait to low while(remote==1);//wait to low _nop(); ////////用戶碼解碼finish/////////add/////////add//////// /////用戶碼反碼解碼use_code//////////add////////////////////////// for(r_count=13;r_count>0;r_count--) { while(remote==0);//wait to high count_delay=0; while(count_delay<24);//_delay(1680); _c=remote; if(_c==1) { _lrrc(&use_code); count_delay=0; while(count_delay<32);//_delay(2200);//wait to low } else _lrrc(&use_code); } _nop(); //if(remote==1) // _delay(1680);//wait to low while(remote==1);//wait to low _nop(); ////////用戶碼反碼解碼finish/////////add/////////add//////// ////數據碼解碼開始////data_l為用戶碼，data_h為數據碼反碼//////////// for(r_count=16;r_count>0;r_count--) { while(remote==0);//wait to high count_delay=0; while(count_delay<24);//_delay(1680); _c=remote; if(_c==1) { _lrrc(&data); count_delay=0; while(count_delay<32);//_delay(2200);//wait to low } else _lrrc(&data); } ////數據碼解碼結束//////////////////////////////////////////////// data_l=data; data_h=data>>8; ///用戶碼////// use_data>>=3; use_code>>=3; use_code=~use_code; //////// ////如果用戶碼等與0x11c并且數據碼和數據反碼都校驗一致，解碼成功 //if((~data_h==data_l)&&use_data==0x11c)//使用用戶碼 //跳過用戶碼 if(~data_h==data_l)//如果數據碼和數據反碼（取反后）相等，解碼正確 { _nop(); r_data=data_l;//r_data為解出的最終數據碼 } //否則解碼不成功 _nop(); _nop();error: //r_data=nocode; _nop(); _nop(); _nop();}
上傳時間： 2014-03-27
上傳用戶：shenlan
基于多點網絡的水廠自動監控系統設計Design of MPI Based Automatic Monitoring and Control System in Water Works劉 美 俊(湖南工程學院，湘潭411101)摘要針對水廠工作水泵多、現場離控制站距離遠的特點，提出了一種基于MPI多點網絡的自動監控系統的設計方法，分析了系統的工作原理，介紹了系統中數據的采集與處理、主站與從站的通信原理以及系統軟件的設計。由于這種系統的主、從站PLC之間采用MPI網絡通信，具有運行可靠、性能價格比高的特點，所以適用于中小規模水廠的分布式監控場合。關鍵詞多點網絡主站從站監控系統Abstract Ina ccordancew ithth efe atuersof w aterw orks,i. e. ，manyp umpsin o perationa ndth ep umps， farfor mt hec ontrolst ation,th em ethodo fdesigninga na utomati(〕monitoringa ndc ontorlsy stemb asedo nM PIis p resented.Th eo perationalpr incipleo fth esy stemi san alyzed,th ed atac olection,data processing; communication between master station and slave station as wel as design and system software are discussed. Because MPI network communicationis used among master station, slave stations and PLC, the system is reliable and high cost-efective. It is， suitable for smal and mediumsized water works for distrbuted monitoring and control.Keywords MPI Masterst ation Slaves tation Monitoringa ndc ontorlsy stem 自來 水 廠 的自動控制系統一般分為兩大部分，一對組態硬件要求較高，投資較大。相對而言，MPI網是水源地深水泵的工作控制，一是水廠區變頻恒壓供絡速度可達187.5 M bps，通過一級中繼器傳輸距離可水控制，兩部分的實際距離通常都比較遠。某廠水源達Ikm 。根據水廠的具體情況，確定以MPI方式組地有3臺深井泵給水廠區的蓄水池供水。水廠區的成網絡，主站PLC為S7-300系列的CPU3121FM，從任務是對水池的水進行消毒處理后，通過加壓泵向管站為S7-200系列的CPU222。這樣既滿足了系統要路恒壓供水。選用Siemens公司的S7系列可編程控求，又相對于Profibus網絡節省了三分之一的成本，制器(PLC)和上位機組成實時數據采集和監控系統， 這種分布式監控系統具有較高的性能價格比。系統對深水泵進行遠程控制，對供水泵采用變頻器進行恒中PLC的物理層采用RS - 485接口，網絡延伸選用壓控制以保證整個水廠的電機設備安全、可靠地運帶防雷保護的中繼器，使系統的安全運行得到了保行。證。MPI網絡的拓撲結構如圖1所示。1 多點網絡(NWI)監控系統的組成Sie me ns 公司S7系列PLC通常有MP」多點網絡與Profibus現場總線網絡兩種組網方式。Profibus現場總線的應用目前較為普遍，通用性較好，它由Profibus一DP, Profibus一FMS, Profibus一PA組成。Profibus - DP型用于分散外設間的數據傳輸，傳輸速率為9.6kbps一12Mbps，主要用于現場控制器與分散1/0之間的通信，可滿足交直流調速系統快速響應的時間要求，特別適合于加工自動化領域的應用;Profibus - FMS主要解決車間級通信問題，完成中等傳輸速度的循環或非循環數據交換任務，適用于紡織、樓宇自動化、可編程控制器、低壓開關等;Profibus - PA型采用了OSI模型的物理層和數據鏈路層，適用于過程自動化的總線類型。
上傳時間： 2013-10-09
上傳用戶：fac1003
基于變頻調速的水平連鑄機拉坯輥速度控制系統Frequency Inverter Based Drawing RollerS peedC ontrolSy stem ofHorizontal Continuous Casting MachineA 偉劉沖旅巴(南 華 大 學電氣工程學院，衡陽421001)摘要拉坯輥速度控制是水平連鑄工藝的關鍵技術之一，采用變頻器實現水平連鑄機拉坯輥速度程序控制，由信號發生裝置給變頻器提供程控信號。現場應用表明該控制系統速度響應快，控制精度高，滿足了水平連鑄生產的需要。關鍵詞水平連鑄拉坯輥速度程序控制變頻器Absh'act Speedc ontorlof dr awingor leris on eo fth ek eyte chnologiesfo rho rizontalco ntinuousca stingm achine.Fo rth ispu rpose,fr equencyco nverterisad optedfo rdr awingor lersp eedp rogrammablec ontorlof ho rizontalco ntinuousca stingm achine,th ep rogrammableco ntorlsi gnalto fr equencyc onverteris provided場a signal generator. The results of application show that the response of system is rapid and the control accuracy is high enough to meet thedemand of production of horizontal continuous casting.Keywords Horizontalco ntinuousc asting Drawingor ler Speedp rogrammablec ontrol Ferquencyin verter 隨著 現 代 化工業生產對鋼材需求量的日益增加，連鑄生產能力已經成為衡量一個國家冶金工業發展水平的重要指標之一。近十幾年來，水平連鑄由于具有投資少、鑄坯直、見效快等多方面的優點，國內許多鋼鐵企業利用水平連鑄機來澆鑄特種合金鋼，發揮了其獨特的優勢并取得了較好的經濟效益〔1,2)0采用 水 平 連鑄機澆鑄特種合金鋼時，由于拉坯機是水平連鑄系統中的關鍵設備之一，拉坯機及其控制性能的好壞直接影響著連鑄坯的質量，因此，連鑄的拉坯技術便成為整個水平連鑄技術的核心。由于鋼的冶煉過程是在高溫下進行的，鋼水溫度的變化又容易影響鑄坯的質量和成材率，因此，如何能在高溫環境下控制好與鑄坯速度相關的參數(拉、推程量，中停時間和拉坯頻率等)對于確保連鑄作業的進一步高效化，延長系統的連續作業時間十分關鍵。因此，拉坯輥速度控制技術是連鑄生產過程控制領域中的關鍵技術之- [31
上傳時間： 2013-10-12
上傳用戶：gxy670166755
摘 要:用一種新的思路和方法,先計算低通、再計算高通濾波器的有關參數,然后組合成帶通濾波器.關鍵詞:濾波器;參數;新思路中圖分類號: TN713. 5 文獻識別碼:B 文章編號:1008 - 1666 (1999) 04 - 0089 - 03A New Consideration of the Band Filter’s CalculationGuo Wencheng( S hao Yang B usiness and Technology school , S haoyang , Hunan ,422000 )Abstract :This essay deals with a new method of calculating the band filters - first calculatingthe relevant parameters of low - pass filters ,then calculating the ones of high - pass filters.Key words :filter ; parameters ;new considercation八十年代后,信息產業得到了迅猛發展. 帶通濾波器在微波通信、廣播電視和精密儀器設備中得到了廣泛應用. 帶通濾波器性能的優劣,對提高接收機信噪比,防止鄰近信道干擾,提高設備的技術指標,有著十分重要的意義.我在長期的教學實踐中,用切比雪夫型方法設計、計算出寬帶濾波器集中參數元件的數據. 該濾波器可運用在檢測微波頻率的儀器和其他設備中. 再將其思路和計算方法介紹給大家,供參考.
上傳時間： 2014-12-28
上傳用戶：Yukiseop
The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The deviceis manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and iscompatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pinout.The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by aconventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPUwith Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputerwhich provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded controlapplications.
上傳時間： 2013-11-10
上傳用戶：1427796291
