注:1.這篇文章斷斷續續寫了很久,畫圖技術也不精,難免錯漏,大家湊合看.有問題可以留言. 2.論壇排版把我的代碼縮進全弄沒了,大家將代碼粘貼到arduino編譯器,然后按ctrl+T重新格式化代碼格式即可看的舒服. 一、什么是PWM PWM 即Pulse Wavelength Modulation 脈寬調制波,通過調整輸出信號占空比,從而達到改 變輸出平均電壓的目的。相信Arduino 的PWM 大家都不陌生,在Arduino Duemilanove 2009 中,有6 個8 位精度PWM 引腳,分別是3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 腳。我們可以使用analogWrite()控 制PWM 腳輸出頻率大概在500Hz 的左右的PWM 調制波。分辨率8 位即2 的8 次方等于 256 級精度。但是有時候我們會覺得6 個PWM 引腳不夠用。比如我們做一個10 路燈調光, 就需要有10 個PWM 腳。Arduino Duemilanove 2009 有13 個數字輸出腳,如果它們都可以 PWM 的話,就能滿足條件了。于是本文介紹用軟件模擬PWM。 二、Arduino 軟件模擬PWM Arduino PWM 調壓原理:PWM 有好幾種方法。而Arduino 因為電源和實現難度限制,一般 使用周期恒定,占空比變化的單極性PWM。 通過調整一個周期里面輸出腳高/低電平的時間比(即是占空比)去獲得給一個用電器不同 的平均功率。 如圖所示,假設PWM 波形周期1ms(即1kHz),分辨率1000 級。那么需要一個信號時間 精度1ms/1000=1us 的信號源,即1MHz。所以說,PWM 的實現難點在于需要使用很高頻的 信號源,才能獲得快速與高精度。下面先由一個簡單的PWM 程序開始: const int PWMPin = 13; int bright = 0; void setup() { pinMode(PWMPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { if((bright++) == 255) bright = 0; for(int i = 0; i < 255; i++) { if(i < bright) { digitalWrite(PWMPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(30); } else { digitalWrite(PWMPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(30); } } } 這是一個軟件PWM 控制Arduino D13 引腳的例子。只需要一塊Arduino 即可測試此代碼。 程序解析:由for 循環可以看出,完成一個PWM 周期,共循環255 次。 假設bright=100 時候,在第0~100 次循環中,i 等于1 到99 均小于bright,于是輸出PWMPin 高電平; 然后第100 到255 次循環里面,i 等于100~255 大于bright,于是輸出PWMPin 低電平。無 論輸出高低電平都保持30us。 那么說,如果bright=100 的話,就有100 次循環是高電平,155 次循環是低電平。 如果忽略指令執行時間的話,這次的PWM 波形占空比為100/255,如果調整bright 的值, 就能改變接在D13 的LED 的亮度。 這里設置了每次for 循環之后,將bright 加一,并且當bright 加到255 時歸0。所以,我們 看到的最終效果就是LED 慢慢變亮,到頂之后然后突然暗回去重新變亮。 這是最基本的PWM 方法,也應該是大家想的比較多的想法。 然后介紹一個簡單一點的。思維風格完全不同。不過對于驅動一個LED 來說,效果與上面 的程序一樣。 const int PWMPin = 13; int bright = 0; void setup() { pinMode(PWMPin, OUTPUT); } void loop() { digitalWrite(PWMPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(bright*30); digitalWrite(PWMPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds((255 - bright)*30); if((bright++) == 255) bright = 0; } 可以看出,這段代碼少了一個For 循環。它先輸出一個高電平,然后維持(bright*30)us。然 后輸出一個低電平,維持時間((255-bright)*30)us。這樣兩次高低就能完成一個PWM 周期。 分辨率也是255。 三、多引腳PWM Arduino 本身已有PWM 引腳并且運行起來不占CPU 時間,所以軟件模擬一個引腳的PWM 完全沒有實用意義。我們軟件模擬的價值在于:他能將任意的數字IO 口變成PWM 引腳。 當一片Arduino 要同時控制多個PWM,并且沒有其他重任務的時候,就要用軟件PWM 了。 多引腳PWM 有一種下面的方式: int brights[14] = {0}; //定義14個引腳的初始亮度,可以隨意設置 int StartPWMPin = 0, EndPWMPin = 13; //設置D0~D13為PWM 引腳 int PWMResolution = 255; //設置PWM 占空比分辨率 void setup() { //定義所有IO 端輸出 for(int i = StartPWMPin; i <= EndPWMPin; i++) { pinMode(i, OUTPUT); //隨便定義個初始亮度,便于觀察 brights[ i ] = random(0, 255); } } void loop() { //這for 循環是為14盞燈做漸亮的。每次Arduino loop()循環, //brights 自增一次。直到brights=255時候,將brights 置零重新計數。 for(int i = StartPWMPin; i <= EndPWMPin; i++) { if((brights[i]++) == PWMResolution) brights[i] = 0; } for(int i = 0; i <= PWMResolution; i++) //i 是計數一個PWM 周期 { for(int j = StartPWMPin; j <= EndPWMPin; j++) //每個PWM 周期均遍歷所有引腳 { if(i < brights[j])\ 所以我們要更改PWM 周期的話,我們將精度(代碼里面的變量:PWMResolution)降低就行,比如一般調整LED 亮度的話,我們用64 級精度就行。這樣速度就是2x32x64=4ms。就不會閃了。
上傳時間: 2013-10-23
上傳用戶:mqien
int trace (int i, int j, int low, IMAGE im,IMAGE mag, IMAGE ori) float gauss(float x, float sigma) float dGauss (float x, float sigma) float meanGauss (float x, float sigma) void hysteresis (int high, int low, IMAGE im, IMAGE mag, IMAGE oriim) void canny (float s, IMAGE im, IMAGE mag, IMAGE ori)
上傳時間: 2015-01-30
上傳用戶:杜瑩12345
pdnMesh is an automatic mesh generator and solver for Finite Element problems. It will also do post-processing to generate contour plots and Postscript printouts. GUI support using GTK or MFC (Win32) is available. The problem definition can be done in any form and given to pdnMesh as an input data file. Drawing Exchange Format (DXF) files can be directly imported to pdnmesh. The quality and the coarseness of the mesh can be controlled by giving input parameters.
標簽: automatic generator problems pdnMesh
上傳時間: 2013-12-19
上傳用戶:cuibaigao
This directory contains 3 file system modules: - file system ISO9660 iso9660.c iso9660.h - file system FAT12/16 fat.c fat.h - file system FAT32 fat32.c fat32.h file.c and file.h contains all high levels functions/macro/definition for your application. fs_variable.c contains all definitions of variables that can be shared with the all file systems. config.h must contain the definition of the file system used by your application.
標簽: 9660 file system directory
上傳時間: 2015-03-15
上傳用戶:腳趾頭
ATmega8 taillight circuitA more complex C program that implements different flashing patterns under the control of both the push buttons and potentiometer. Use your imagination to come up with some novel ideas here. Remember however that more marks are to be awarded for the quality of the code than for the novelness of the patterns.
標簽: implements taillight different circuitA
上傳時間: 2013-11-27
上傳用戶:zhuimenghuadie
一個簡單的應用程序,用來說明循環結構與分支結構的嵌套使用 * 程序功能:猜數游戲。定義被猜的數。通過鍵盤輸入進行猜數, * 如猜錯則顯示“**Wrong**”, “Too high”或“Too low ”; * 猜對則顯示“**Right**”后退出
標簽: 應用程序
上傳時間: 2014-01-16
上傳用戶:tuilp1a
Polynomial fit functions === === === === RegressionObject.cls contains a class that provides an easy way to add polynomial regression functionality to any application. If you just want linear regression or a very high degree, no matter: this class has good performance and scales seamlessly with the complexity of your problem.
標簽: RegressionObject Polynomial functions contains
上傳時間: 2015-04-06
上傳用戶:rocwangdp
We propose and analyze several timestamping of an MPEG-2 Transport Stream transmitted strategies for performing over a packet-switched network using the PCR-unaware encapsulation scheme, and analyze their effect on the quality of the recovered clock at the MPEG-2 Systems decoder.
標簽: timestamping transmitted strategies Transport
上傳時間: 2014-12-05
上傳用戶:450976175
Software Testing, Second Edition provides practical insight into the world of software testing and quality assurance. Learn how to find problems in any computer program, how to plan an effective test approach and how to tell when software is ready for release. Updated from the previous edition in 2000 to include a chapter that specifically deals with testing software for security bugs, the processes and techniques used throughout the book are timeless. This book is an excellent investment if you want to better understand what your Software Test team does or you want to write better software.
標簽: practical Software provides software
上傳時間: 2015-04-30
上傳用戶:bjgaofei
自制51編程器 I have build my own programmer. This device can program the AT89C51 and works with it. So it can easily be adapted to programming other devices by itself. The Atmel Flash devices are ideal for developing, since they can be reprogrammed easy, often and fast. You need only 1 or 2 devices in low cost plastic case for developing. In contrast you need 10 or more high cost windowed devices if you must develop with EPROM devices (e.g. Phillips 87C751).
標簽: programmer program device build
上傳時間: 2015-05-11
上傳用戶:sdq_123