XAPP520將符合2.5V和3.3V I/O標準的7系列FPGA高性能I/O Bank進行連接
The I/Os in Xilinx® 7 series FPGAs are classified as either high range (HR) or high performance (HP) banks. HR I/O banks can be operated from 1.2V to 3.3V, whereas HP I/O banks are optimized for OPERATION between 1.2V and 1.8V. In circumstances that require an HP 1.8V I/O bank to interface with 2.5V or 3.3V logic, a range of options can be deployed. This application note describes methodologies for interfacing 7 series HP I/O banks with 2.5V and 3.3V systems
a8259 可編程中斷控制 altera提供
The a8259 is designed to simplify the implementation of the interrupt interface in 8088 and 8086 based microcomputer systems. The device is known as a programmable interrupt controller. The a8259 receives and prioritizes up to 8 interrupts, and in the cascade mode, this can be expanded up to 64 interrupts. An asynchronous reset and a clock input have been added to improve OPERATION and reliability.
8051參考設計，與其他8051的免費IP相比，文檔相對較全，Oregano System 提供
This is version 1.3 of the MC8051 IP core.
September 2002: Oregano Systems - Design & Consulting GesmbH
Change history:
- Improved tb_mc8051_siu_sim.vhd to verify duplex OPERATION.
- Corrected problem with duplex OPERATION in file
mc8051_siu_rtl.vhd
嵌入式系統是一種應用范圍非常廣泛的系統。可以說除了桌面計算機和服務器外所有計算設備都屬于嵌入式系統，例如從便攜式音樂播放器到航天飛機上的實時系統控制都屬于嵌入式系統。
大多數商用的嵌入式系統都設計成專用任務的低成本的產品。大多數的嵌入式系統都具有實時性的要求。有些功能需要非常快的主頻，但其他大多數功能并不需要高速的處理能力。這些系統通過特定的器件和軟件來滿足實時性的要求。
簡單地通過速度和成本來定義嵌入式系統是困難的，但對于大批量的產品而言，成本常常對系統設計起決定作用。通常，一個嵌入式系統的很多部分相對系統主要功能來說需要較低的性能，因此嵌入式系統和通用PC相比，能夠使用一個滿足輔助功能的合適的CPU，從而簡化了系統設計，降低了成本。例如，數字電視的機頂盒需要處理每秒以百萬兆位計的連續數據，但這些數據處理大部分是由定制的硬件來實現的，如解析、管理和編解碼多個頻道的數字影像。
對于大批量生產的嵌入式系統，如便攜式音樂播放器或手機等，降低成本就成為最主要的問題。這些系統通常只具有幾個芯片：一個高度集成的CPU，一個定制的芯片用于控制其他所有的功能，還有一個存儲芯片。在這種設計中，每部分都設計成使用最小的系統功耗。
對于小批量的嵌入式應用，為了降低開發成本，常常使用PC體系結構，通過限制程序的執行時間或用一個實時操作系統來替換原先的操作系統。在這種情況下，可以使用一個或多個高性能的CPU來替換特殊用途的硬件。
嵌入式系統的軟件通常運行在有限的硬件資源上：沒有硬盤、操作系統、鍵盤或屏幕。軟件一般都沒有文件系統，如果有的話，也會采用Flash驅動器。如果有人機交互接口的話，也是一個小鍵盤或液晶顯示器。硬件是計算機的物理部分，和存儲在硬件中的計算機軟件程序和數據區分開來。
嵌入到機械中的嵌入式系統需要長期無故障連續運行，因此它的軟件需要比PC中的軟件更加仔細地開發和更加嚴格地測試。
那么，到底什么是嵌入式系統呢？
根據IEEE（國際電氣和電子工程師協會）的定義，嵌入式系統是“控制、監視或者輔助設備、機器和車間運行的裝置”（原文為devices used to control，monitor，or assist the OPERATION of equipment，machinery or plants）。這主要是從應用上加以定義的，從中可以看出嵌入式系統是軟件和硬件的綜合體，還可以涵蓋機械等附屬裝置。
目前國內一個普遍被認同的定義是：以應用為中心、以計算機技術為基礎，軟件 硬件可裁剪，適應應用系統對功能、可靠性、成本、體積、功耗嚴格要求的專用計算機系統。
可以這樣認為，嵌入式系統是一種專用的計算機系統，作為裝置或設備的一部分。通常，嵌入式系統是一個控制程序存儲在ROM中的嵌入式處理器控制板。事實上，所有帶有數字接口的設備，如手表、微波爐、錄像機、汽車等，都使用嵌入式系統，有些嵌入式系統還包含操作系統，但大多數嵌入式系統都是由單個程序實現整個控制邏輯。
本書是按照人事部、信息產業部全國計算機技術與軟件專業技術資格（水平）考試要求編寫，內容緊扣《嵌入式系統設計考試大鋼》。全書共六章，分別對嵌入式系統基礎知識、嵌入式微處理器與接口設計、嵌入式軟件與操作系統、嵌入式軟件程序設計、嵌入式系統設計與維護等知識進行了詳細的講解。最后介紹了一個典型的嵌入式系統設計案例。
本書內容豐富，結構合理，概念清晰。既可作為全國計算機技術與軟件專業技術資格（水平）考試中嵌入式系統設計師級別的考試用書，供有關考生學習使用，也可作為本科生嵌入式系統相關課程教材或培訓書使用。
The NCV7356 is a physical layer device for a single wire data linkcapable of operating with various Carrier Sense Multiple Accesswith Collision Resolution (CSMA/CR) protocols such as the BoschController Area Network (CAN) version 2.0. This serial data linknetwork is intended for use in applications where high data rate is notrequired and a lower data rate can achieve cost reductions in both thephysical media components and in the microprocessor and/ordedicated logic devices which use the network.The network shall be able to operate in either the normal data ratemode or a high-speed data download mode for assembly line andservice data transfer OPERATIONs. The high-speed mode is onlyintended to be OPERATIONal when the bus is attached to an off-boardservice node. This node shall provide temporary bus electrical loadswhich facilitate higher speed OPERATION. Such temporary loads shouldbe removed when not performing download OPERATIONs.The bit rate for normal communications is typically 33 kbit/s, forhigh-speed transmissions like described above a typical bit rate of83 kbit/s is recommended. The NCV7356 features undervoltagelockout, timeout for faulty blocked input signals, output blankingtime in case of bus ringing and a very low sleep mode current.
The CC1101 is a low-cost sub- 1 GHztransceiver designed for very low-powerwireless applications. The circuit is mainlyintended for the ISM (Industrial, Scientific andMedical) and SRD (Short Range Device)frequency bands at 315, 433, 868, and 915MHz, but can easily be programmed forOPERATION at other frequencies in the 300-348MHz, 387-464 MHz and 779-928 MHz bands.CC1101 is an improved and code compatibleversion of the CC1100 RF transceiver. Themain improvements on the CC1101 include:
We offer a broad line of high performance low dropout (LDO) linear regulators with fasttransient response, excellent line and load regulation, and very wide input voltage rangefrom 0.9V to 100V. Output currents range from 20mA to 10A, with positive, negative andmultiple output versions available. Many devices offer output voltage OPERATION <0.8V andsome feature OPERATION as low as 0V, even with a single supply. Most are stable with ceramicoutput capacitors. LDO regulators can be applied in virtually any application.
Abstract: This application note illustrates the flexibility of the MAX7060 ASK/FSK transmitter. While the currently available evaluationkit (EV kit) has been optimized for the device's use in a specific frequency band (i.e., 288MHz to 390MHz), this document addresseshow the EV kit circuitry can be modified for improved OPERATION at 433.92MHz, a frequency commonly used in Europe. Twoalternative match and filter configurations are presented: one for optimizing drain efficiency, the other for achieving higher transmitpower. Features and capabilities of earlier Maxim industrial, scientific, and medical radio-frequency (ISM-RF) transmitters areprovided, allowing comparison of the MAX7060 to its predecessors. Several design guidelines and cautions for using the MAX7060are discussed.
Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of OPERATIONincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode OPERATION, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of OPERATION.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
