介紹了用單片機C 語言實現無功補償中電容組循環投切的基本原理和算法,并舉例說明。關鍵詞:循環投切;C51;無功補償中圖分類號: TM76 文獻標識碼: BAbstract: This paper introduces the aplication of C51 in the controlling of capacitorsuits cycle powered to be on and off in reactive compensation.it illustrate thefondamental principle and algorithm with example.Key words: cycle powered to be on and off; C51; reactive compensation 為提高功率因數,往往采用補償電容的方法來實現。而電容器的容量是由實時功率因數與標準值進行比較來決定的,實時功率因數小于標準值時,需投入電容組,實時功率因數大于標準值時,則需切除電容組。投切方式的不合理,會對電容器造成損壞,現有的控制器多采用“順序投切”方式,在這種投切方式下排序在前的電容器組,先投后切;而后面的卻后投先切。這不僅使處于前面的電容組經常處于運行狀態,積累熱量不易散失,影響其使用壽命,而且使后面的投切開關經常動作,同樣減少壽命。合理的投切方式應為“循環投切”。這種投切方式使先投入的運行的電容組先退出,后投的后切除,從而使各組電容及投切開關使用機率均等,降低了電容組的平均運行溫度,減少了投切開關的動作次數,延長了其使用壽命。
上傳時間: 2014-12-27
上傳用戶:hopy
關于PCB封裝的資料收集整理. 大的來說,元件有插裝和貼裝.零件封裝是指實際零件焊接到電路板時所指示的外觀和焊點的位置。是純粹的空間概念.因此不同的元件可共用同一零件封裝,同種元件也可有不同的零件封裝。像電阻,有傳統的針插式,這種元件體積較大,電路板必須鉆孔才能安置元件,完成鉆孔后,插入元件,再過錫爐或噴錫(也可手焊),成本較高,較新的設計都是采用體積小的表面貼片式元件(SMD)這種元件不必鉆孔,用鋼膜將半熔狀錫膏倒入電路板,再把SMD 元件放上,即可焊接在電路板上了。晶體管是我們常用的的元件之一,在DEVICE。LIB庫中,簡簡單單的只有NPN與PNP之分,但實際上,如果它是NPN的2N3055那它有可能是鐵殼子的TO—3,如果它是NPN的2N3054,則有可能是鐵殼的TO-66或TO-5,而學用的CS9013,有TO-92A,TO-92B,還有TO-5,TO-46,TO-52等等,千變萬化。還有一個就是電阻,在DEVICE 庫中,它也是簡單地把它們稱為RES1 和RES2,不管它是100Ω 還是470KΩ都一樣,對電路板而言,它與歐姆數根本不相關,完全是按該電阻的功率數來決定的我們選用的1/4W 和甚至1/2W 的電阻,都可以用AXIAL0.3 元件封裝,而功率數大一點的話,可用AXIAL0.4,AXIAL0.5等等。現將常用的元件封裝整理如下:電阻類及無極性雙端元件:AXIAL0.3-AXIAL1.0無極性電容:RAD0.1-RAD0.4有極性電容:RB.2/.4-RB.5/1.0二極管:DIODE0.4及DIODE0.7石英晶體振蕩器:XTAL1晶體管、FET、UJT:TO-xxx(TO-3,TO-5)可變電阻(POT1、POT2):VR1-VR5這些常用的元件封裝,大家最好能把它背下來,這些元件封裝,大家可以把它拆分成兩部分來記如電阻AXIAL0.3 可拆成AXIAL 和0.3,AXIAL 翻譯成中文就是軸狀的,0.3 則是該電阻在印刷電路板上的焊盤間的距離也就是300mil(因為在電機領域里,是以英制單位為主的。同樣的,對于無極性的電容,RAD0.1-RAD0.4也是一樣;對有極性的電容如電解電容,其封裝為RB.2/.4,RB.3/.6 等,其中“.2”為焊盤間距,“.4”為電容圓筒的外徑。對于晶體管,那就直接看它的外形及功率,大功率的晶體管,就用TO—3,中功率的晶體管,如果是扁平的,就用TO-220,如果是金屬殼的,就用TO-66,小功率的晶體管,就用TO-5,TO-46,TO-92A等都可以,反正它的管腳也長,彎一下也可以。對于常用的集成IC電路,有DIPxx,就是雙列直插的元件封裝,DIP8就是雙排,每排有4個引腳,兩排間距離是300mil,焊盤間的距離是100mil。SIPxx 就是單排的封裝。等等。值得我們注意的是晶體管與可變電阻,它們的包裝才是最令人頭痛的,同樣的包裝,其管腳可不一定一樣。例如,對于TO-92B之類的包裝,通常是1 腳為E(發射極),而2 腳有可能是B 極(基極),也可能是C(集電極);同樣的,3腳有可能是C,也有可能是B,具體是那個,只有拿到了元件才能確定。因此,電路軟件不敢硬性定義焊盤名稱(管腳名稱),同樣的,場效應管,MOS 管也可以用跟晶體管一樣的封裝,它可以通用于三個引腳的元件。Q1-B,在PCB 里,加載這種網絡表的時候,就會找不到節點(對不上)。在可變電阻
上傳時間: 2013-11-03
上傳用戶:daguogai
Keil C51使用詳解Keil C51 是美國Keil Software 公司出品的51 系列兼容單片機C 語言軟件開發系統,與匯編相比,C 語言在功能上、結構性、可讀性、可維護性上有明顯的優勢,因而易學易用。用過匯編語言后再使用C 來開發,體會更加深刻。Keil C51 軟件提供豐富的庫函數和功能強大的集成開發調試工具,全Windows界面。另外重要的一點,只要看一下編譯后生成的匯編代碼,就能體會到Keil C51生成的目標代碼效率非常之高,多數語句生成的匯編代碼很緊湊,容易理解。在開發大型軟件時更能體現高級語言的優勢。下面詳細介紹 Keil C51 開發系統各部分功能和使用。第二節 Keil C51 單片機軟件開發系統的整體結構C51 工具包的整體結構,如圖(1)所示,其中uVision 與Ishell 分別是C51 forWindows 和for Dos 的集成開發環境(IDE),可以完成編輯、編譯、連接、調試、仿真等整個開發流程。開發人員可用IDE 本身或其它編輯器編輯C 或匯編源文件。然后分別由C51 及A51 編譯器編譯生成目標文件(.OBJ)。目標文件可由LIB51 創建生成庫文件,也可以與庫文件一起經L51 連接定位生成絕對目標文件(.ABS)。ABS 文件由OH51 轉換成標準的Hex 文件,以供調試器dScope51 或tScope51 使用進行源代碼級調試,也可由仿真器使用直接對目標板進行調試,也可以直接寫入程序存貯器如EPROM 中。圖(1) C51 工具包整體結構圖第三節 Keil C51 工具包的安裝81. C51 for Dos在 Windows 下直接運行軟件包中DOS\C51DOS.exe 然后選擇安裝目錄即可。完畢后欲使系統正常工作須進行以下操作(設C:\C51 為安裝目錄):修改 Autoexec.bat,加入path=C:\C51\BinSet C51LIB=C:\C51\LIBSet C51INC=C:\C51\INC然后運行Autoexec.bat2. C51 for Windows 的安裝及注意事項:在 Windows 下運行軟件包中WIN\Setup.exe,最好選擇安裝目錄與C51 for Dos相同,這樣設置最簡單(設安裝于C:\C51 目錄下)。然后將軟件包中crack 目錄中的文件拷入C:\C51\Bin 目錄下。第四節 Keil C51 工具包各部分功能及使用簡介1. C51 與A51(1) C51C51 是C 語言編譯器,其使用方法為:C51 sourcefile[編譯控制指令]或者 C51 @ commandfile其中 sourcefile 為C 源文件(.C)。大量的編譯控制指令完成C51 編譯器的全部功能。包控C51 輸出文件C.LST,.OBJ,.I 和.SRC 文件的控制。源文件(.C)的控制等,詳見第五部分的具體介紹。而 Commandfile 為一個連接控制文件其內容包括:.C 源文件及各編譯控制指令,它沒有固定的名字,開發人員可根據自己的習慣指定,它適于用控制指令較多的場合。(2) A51A51 是匯編語言編譯器,使用方法為:9A51 sourcefile[編譯控制指令]或 A51 @ commandfile其中sourcefile 為匯編源文件(.asm或.a51),而編譯控制指令的使用與其它匯編如ASM語言類似,可參考其他匯編語言材料。Commandfile 同C51 中的Commandfile 類似,它使A51 使用和修改方便。2. L51 和BL51(1) L51L51 是Keil C51 軟件包提供的連接/定位器,其功能是將編譯生成的OBJ 文件與庫文件連接定位生成絕對目標文件(.ABS),其使用方法為:L51 目標文件列表[庫文件列表] [to outputfile] [連接控制指令]或 L51 @Commandfile源程序的多個模塊分別經 C51 與A51 編譯后生成多個OBJ 文件,連接時,這些文件全列于目標文件列表中,作為輸入文件,如果還需與庫文件(.LiB)相連接,則庫文件也必須列在其后。outputfile 為輸文件名,缺少時為第一模塊名,后綴為.ABS。連接控制指令提供了連接定位時的所有控制功能。Commandfile 為連接控制文件,其具體內容是包括了目標文件列表,庫文件列表及輸出文件、連接控制命令,以取代第一種繁瑣的格式,由于目標模塊庫文件大多不止1 個,因而第2 種方法較多見,這個文件名字也可由使用者隨意指定。(2) Bl51BL51 也是C51 軟件包的連接/定位器,其具有L51 的所有功能,此外它還具有以下3 點特別之處:a. 可以連接定位大于64kBytes 的程序。b. 具有代碼域及域切換功能(CodeBanking & Bank Switching)c. 可用于RTX51 操作系統RTX51 是一個實時多任務操作系統,它改變了傳統的編程模式,甚至不必用main( )函數,單片機系統軟件向RTOS 發展是一種趨勢,這種趨勢對于186 和38610及68K 系列CPU 更為明顯和必須,對8051 因CPU 較為簡單,程序結構等都不太復雜,RTX51 作用顯得不太突出,其專業版軟件PK51 軟件包甚至不包括RTX51Full,而只有一個RTX51TINY 版本的RTOS。RTX51 TINY 適用于無外部RAM 的單片機系統,因而可用面很窄,在本文中不作介紹。Bank switching 技術因使用很少也不作介紹。3. DScope51,Tscope51 及Monitor51(1) dScope51dScope51 是一個源級調試器和模擬器,它可以調試由C51 編譯器、A51 匯編器、PL/M-51 編譯器及ASM-51 匯編器產生的程序。它不需目標板(for windows 也可通過mon51 接目標板),只能進行軟件模擬,但其功能強大,可模擬CPU 及其外圍器件,如內部串口,外部I/O 及定時器等,能對嵌入式軟件功能進行有效測試。
上傳時間: 2013-11-01
上傳用戶:zhouxuepeng1
The PCA9549 provides eight bits of high speed TTL-compatible bus switching controlledby the I2C-bus. The low ON-state resistance of the switch allows connections to be madewith minimal propagation delay. Any individual A to B channel or combination of channelscan be selected via the I2C-bus, determined by the contents of the programmable Controlregister. When the I2C-bus bit is HIGH (logic 1), the switch is on and data can flow fromPort A to Port B, or vice versa. When the I2C-bus bit is LOW (logic 0), the switch is open,creating a high-impedance state between the two ports, which stops the data flow.An active LOW reset input (RESET) allows the PCA9549 to recover from a situationwhere the I2C-bus is stuck in a LOW state. Pulling the RESET pin LOW resets the I2C-busstate machine and causes all the bits to be open, as does the internal power-on resetfunction.
上傳時間: 2014-11-22
上傳用戶:xcy122677
All inputs of the C16x family have Schmitt-Trigger input characteristics. These Schmitt-Triggers are intended to always provide proper internal low and high levels, even if anundefined voltage level (between TTL-VIL and TTL-VIH) is externally applied to the pin.The hysteresis of these inputs, however, is very small, and can not be properly used in anapplication to suppress signal noise, and to shape slow rising/falling input transitions.Thus, it must be taken care that rising/falling input signals pass the undefined area of theTTL-specification between VIL and VIH with a sufficient rise/fall time, as generally usualand specified for TTL components (e.g. 74LS series: gates 1V/us, clock inputs 20V/us).The effect of the implemented Schmitt-Trigger is that even if the input signal remains inthe undefined area, well defined low/high levels are generated internally. Note that allinput signals are evaluated at specific sample points (depending on the input and theperipheral function connected to it), at that signal transitions are detected if twoconsecutive samples show different levels. Thus, only the current level of an input signalat these sample points is relevant, that means, the necessary rise/fall times of the inputsignal is only dependant on the sample rate, that is the distance in time between twoconsecutive evaluation time points. If an input signal, for instance, is sampled throughsoftware every 10us, it is irrelevant, which input level would be seen between thesamples. Thus, it would be allowable for the signal to take 10us to pass through theundefined area. Due to the sample rate of 10us, it is assured that only one sample canoccur while the signal is within the undefined area, and no incorrect transition will bedetected. For inputs which are connected to a peripheral function, e.g. capture inputs, thesample rate is determined by the clock cycle of the peripheral unit. In the case of theCAPCOM unit this means a sample rate of 400ns @ 20MHz CPU clock. This requiresinput signals to pass through the undefined area within these 400ns in order to avoidmultiple capture events.For input signals, which do not provide the required rise/fall times, external circuitry mustbe used to shape the signal transitions.In the attached diagram, the effect of the sample rate is shown. The numbers 1 to 5 in thediagram represent possible sample points. Waveform a) shows the result if the inputsignal transition time through the undefined TTL-level area is less than the time distancebetween the sample points (sampling at 1, 2, 3, and 4). Waveform b) can be the result ifthe sampling is performed more than once within the undefined area (sampling at 1, 2, 5,3, and 4).Sample points:1. Evaluation of the signal clearly results in a low level2. Either a low or a high level can be sampled here. If low is sampled, no transition willbe detected. If the sample results in a high level, a transition is detected, and anappropriate action (e.g. capture) might take place.3. Evaluation here clearly results in a high level. If the previous sample 2) had alreadydetected a high, there is no change. If the previous sample 2) showed a low, atransition from low to high is detected now.
上傳時間: 2013-10-23
上傳用戶:copu
This document describes part number speciÞc changes to recommended operating conditions and revised electrical speciÞcations,as applicable, from those described in the generalMPC7400 Hardware SpeciÞcations.SpeciÞcations provided in this Part Number SpeciÞcation supersede those in theMPC7400 Hardware SpeciÞcationsdated 9/99(order #: MPC7400EC/D) for these part numbers only; speciÞcations not addressed herein are unchanged. This document isfrequently updated, refer to the website at http://www.mot.com/SPS/PowerPC/ for the latest version.Note that headings and table numbers in this data sheet are not consecutively numbered. They are intended to correspond to theheading or table affected in the general hardware speciÞcation.Part numbers addressed in this document are listed in Table A. For more detailed ordering information see Table B.
上傳時間: 2013-11-19
上傳用戶:qiaoyue
機電類比法是一種把機械量通過一定的計算等效類比為電量的方法,其在對電子機械系統的分析中應用非常廣泛。它能夠把一個較復雜的機械系統類比為我們熟知的電路系統來進行分析,從而使問題的分析得到簡化。本文通過對振弦式傳感器的分析介紹了機電類比法,并對使用電路進行了相關的分析。 Summary:The electromechanical analogy is assort of analysis which is to analogize the mechanical system by using circuit system , it applied widely in the filed of analysis the electronic-mechanical system. The analysis can take a complex mechanical system analogous to a circuitry that we well-known, which can simplify the problems. In the paper, the electro-mechanical analogy method is briefly introduced by analysis the vibrating wire sensor,and have a correlation analysis about the circuit we used.關鍵詞: 機電類比法 振弦式傳感器 頻率 振蕩 反饋Keyword:electro-mechanical analogy method,vibrating wire sensor,frequency, oscillation, feedback 0 引言振弦式傳感器是屬于頻率式傳感器的一種。所謂頻率式傳感器就是能直接將被測量轉換為振動頻率信號的傳感器,這類傳感器一般是通過測量振弦、振筒、振梁、振膜等彈性振體或石英晶體諧振器的固有諧振頻率來達到測量引起諧振頻率變化的被測非電量的目的,其也稱為諧振式傳感器[1]。在分析該類傳感器中,由于其涉及到頻率,就容易讓人聯想到在電子技術中接觸到的RLC振蕩電路。因此可以嘗試著用類比的方法使之對應起來分析,即機電類比法分析。
上傳時間: 2013-11-16
上傳用戶:paladin
CodeWarrior Development Tool Suites are comprehensive integrated developmentenvironments (IDE) that provide a highly visual and automated framework toaccelerate the development of the most complex embedded applications. Acrossmost stages of the development cycle, we offer tools to help configure, debug andoptimize your design built on Freescale MPUs, MCUs, DSPs and DSCs. These toolsuites provide solutions to get your design up and running fast.
標簽: CodeWarrior 開發工具套件
上傳時間: 2013-11-07
上傳用戶:youlongjian0
With the Altera Nios II embedded processor, you as the system designercan accelerate time-critical software algorithms by adding custominstructions to the Nios II processor instruction set. Using custominstructions, you can reduce a complex sequence of standard instructionsto a single instruction implemented in hardware. You can use this featurefor a variety of applications, for example, to optimize software innerloops for digital signal processing (DSP), packet header processing, andcomputation-intensive applications. The Nios II configuration wizard,part of the Quartus® II software’s SOPC Builder, provides a graphicaluser interface (GUI) used to add up to 256 custom instructions to theNios II processor
上傳時間: 2013-11-07
上傳用戶:swing
Abstract: The process of designing a radio system can be complex and often involves many project tradeoffs. Witha little insight, balancing these various characteristics can make the job of designing a radio system easier. Thistutorial explores these tradeoffs and provides details to consider for various radio applications. With a focus on theindustrial, scientific, medical (ISM) bands, the subjects of frequency selection, one-way versus two-way systems,modulation techniques, cost, antenna options, power-supply influences, effects on range, and protocol selectionare explored.
標簽: 無線
上傳時間: 2013-12-13
上傳用戶:eastgan