Single-Ended and Differential S-Parameters
Differential circuits have been important incommunication systems for many years. In the past,differential communication circuits operated at lowfrequencies, where they could be designed andanalyzed using lumped-element models andtechniques. With the frequency of operationincreasing beyond 1GHz, and above 1Gbps fordigital communications, this lumped-elementapproach is no longer valid, because the physicalsize of the circuit approaches the size of awavelength.Distributed models and analysis techniques are nowused instead of lumped-element techniques.Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, have beendeveloped for this purpose [1]. These S-parametersare defined for single-ended networks. S-parameterscan be used to describe differential networks, but astrict definition was not developed until Bockelmanand others addressed this issue [2]. Bockelman’swork also included a study on how to adapt single-ended S-parameters for use with differential circuits[2]. This adaptation, called “mixed-mode S-parameters,” addresses differential and common-mode operation, as well as the conversion betweenthe two modes of operation.This application note will explain the use of single-ended and mixed-mode S-parameters, and the basicconcepts of microwave measurement calibration.
C++完美演繹 經典算法 如 /* 頭文件：my_Include.h */ #include <stdio.h> /* 展開C語言的內建函數指令 */ #define PI 3.1415926 /* 宏常量，在稍后章節再詳解 */ #define circle(radius) (PI*radius*radius) /* 宏函數，圓的面積 */ /* 將比較數值大小的函數寫在自編include文件內 */ int show_big_or_small (int a,int b,int c) { int tmp if (a>b) { tmp = a a = b b = tmp } if (b>c) { tmp = b b = c c = tmp } if (a>b) { tmp = a a = b b = tmp } printf("由小至大排序之后的結果:%d %d %d\n", a, b, c) } 程序執行結果： 由小至大排序之后的結果:1 2 3 可將內建函數的include文件展開在自編的include文件中 圓圈的面積是=201.0619264
魔王語言解釋
[問題描述]
有一個魔王總是使用自己的一種非常精練而又抽象的語言講話，沒有人能聽得懂，但他的語言是可以逐步解釋成人能聽懂的語言，因為他的語言是由以下兩種形式的規則由人的語言逐步抽象上去的：
（1） α 轉換為 β1β2…βm
（2） （θδ1δ2…δn） 轉換為 θδnθδn－1… θδ1θ
在這兩種形式重，從左到右均表示解釋。試寫一個魔王語言的解釋兄，把他的話解釋成人能聽得懂的話。
[基本要求]
用下述兩條具體規則和上述規則形式（2）實現。設大寫字母表示魔王語言的詞匯；小寫字母表示人的語言詞匯；希臘字母表示可以用大寫字母或小寫字母代換的變量。魔王語言可含人的詞匯。
（1）B 轉換為 tAdA
（2）A 轉換為 sae
[測試數據]
B（exnxgz）B解釋成tsaedsaeezegexenehetsaedsae
若將小寫字母與漢字建立下表所示的對應關系，則魔王說的話是：“天上一只鵝地上一只鵝鵝追鵝趕鵝下鵝蛋鵝恨鵝天上一直鵝地上一只鵝”。
t d s a e z g x n h
天 地 上 一只 鵝 追 趕 下 蛋 恨
/*
* EULER S ALGORITHM 5.1
*
* TO APPROXIMATE THE SOLUTION OF THE INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM:
* Y = F(T,Y), A<=T<=B, Y(A) = ALPHA,
* AT N+1 EQUALLY SPACED POINTS IN THE INTERVAL [A,B].
*
* INPUT: ENDPOINTS A,B INITIAL CONDITION ALPHA INTEGER N.
*
* OUTPUT: APPROXIMATION W TO Y AT THE (N+1) VALUES OF T.
*/
